How to teach a 4-5 year old child to pronounce the letter “P” without a speech therapist: learning to pronounce the sound correctly at home

Why do children growl badly?

The difficulty of reproducing sounds, including “r”, lies in their constant sonority.
In speech, it can be difficult for a child to cope with the connection of sonorants with each other, with vowels, with voiceless sounds, with hissing sounds. This is an articulatory problem (cannot pronounce sound combinations) and is most often overcome by training the tongue, cheeks, lips and palate. When a single “r” cannot be pronounced correctly, that is, growled, you need to understand the reasons.

They can be hidden both in the anatomy of the speech apparatus and in the general rates of psycho-speech development.

1. Anatomical features

decreased tongue mobility;
poor development of the muscles of the lips and cheeks;
malocclusion;
special structure of the frenulum (hyoid ligament).

Anatomical problems are solved by massage, articulation exercises, frenulum stretching or surgery. It is necessary to discuss the appropriateness of the latter with a speech therapist.

Children usually like articulation gymnastics. Because during such an activity, parents are forced to lift the ban on grimaces, sticking out their tongues and scary faces. Useful pranks with facial muscles help strengthen the articulatory apparatus, make it more mobile, and this will improve the clarity of speech in general.

2. Features of sound perception

If in a preschooler’s speech letters are constantly getting confused, rearranged, or falling out of words, phonemic hearing disorders can be suspected. On the other hand, the cause of pronunciation problems may be a banal imitation of one of the family members or older comrades.

3. ENT diseases

Sometimes the cause is improper breathing (weak breathing is more common in girls) or ENT diseases: allergic rhinitis, rhinitis, tonsillitis, tonsillitis, adenoids, polyps, paresis. In each case, a unique individual treatment and a set of speech therapy exercises must be selected to restore the function of the speech apparatus.

4. Dysarthria

Neurological disorders should be highlighted as a separate item. Not only the purity of diction, but also the very ability to pronounce sounds depends on the innervation of muscles and ligaments.

Causes

Predisposing factors to incorrect pronunciation of “R” may be the following:

Short hyoid frenulum. It is able to limit the upward movement of the tip and front of the back of the tongue.
Insufficient air pressure when pronouncing this sound.
Limited mobility of the tongue muscles, which leads to the inability to take the correct articulatory position and perform voluntary movements of the tongue.

At the beginning of work on producing this sound, parents need to find out from a specialist whether at least one of the factors applies in your case.

Short frenulum of the tongue

If the child has a short frenulum that does not require cutting, then work must be done to stretch it. It includes massage and articulation exercises. It is quite possible to perform a massage at home. You need to grab the frenulum with your thumb and forefinger at the very bottom under the tongue and rub it with pressing movements. It is necessary to knead the bridle along its entire length, trying to stretch it. But be careful not to damage it. Do several of these movements. After some time, you will see that the frenulum has increased.

As an example of articulation exercises for stretching the frenulum, we offer you the following:

“Reach your tongue to your nose.” You need to smile, open your mouth. Raise the wide tip of the tongue up to the nose and then lower it to the upper lip. In this case, the tongue should not narrow, and the jaws should remain motionless.
“Reach your chin.” Smile and open your mouth. Try to reach your chin with your wide tongue. Make sure that the jaws are motionless.
"Painter". Smile and open your mouth. Use the tip of your tongue to stroke the roof of your mouth from your teeth to your throat. The lower jaw is motionless.

There are rules that parents need to remember so as not to harm their child during exercises:

You need to open your mouth as wide as possible, but at the same time the child must reach the alveoli.
All exercises should be performed slowly, close to the limit of what is possible. Remember, during exercises the tongue may get tired, the frenulum may begin to hurt, so it is necessary to give the child a rest.

Trimming the frenulum is done only if it is short and consists of dysfunctional connective tissue. But a decision on this issue should only be made by a specialist.

Insufficient air flow force

As mentioned earlier, the reason for the violation of the pronunciation of the sound “P” may be insufficient strength of the air stream. We offer you exercises aimed at increasing it:

"Blow up the balloons." Inflate two cheeks and hold the air in them.
"Rolling Balls" Puff out your cheeks and roll the air from one cheek to the other.

Place your wide tongue on your lower lip. Fold the edges of the tongue so that a groove is formed. It's easy to blow through the groove.
Blow on pieces of cotton wool tied to a thread; blow on a pencil on the table to make it roll, blow on a dandelion, blow soap bubbles.

Weak tongue muscles

Strengthening the muscles of the tongue and the development of articulatory motor skills are facilitated by exercises in which the tongue rises up to the palate. Here are some of them:

“Horse” - click your tongue, stretching the hyoid ligament.
“Turkey” - you need to quickly touch your upper lip with the tip of your tongue and accompany these movements with sounds similar to bl-bl-bl
“Accordion” - pull the tongue to the palate. Hold it in this position while alternately lowering and raising the lower jaw.

The result of the described work is an elastic tongue. If you have achieved this, then the next trick will be to easily “set” a capricious sound.

How does a speech therapy session on sound production work [p]

Any adult will answer how to teach a child to pronounce the letter P - take him to a specialist. With the help of exercises, a speech therapist will be able to deliver correct speech.

Classes are held with the aim of preparing the oral cavity for correct tongue movements. The main tasks are considered:

Show how sound should be formed correctly.
Train articulatory motor skills.
Learn to control air flow.
Learn to go towards your goal.

For the lesson you will need a mirror to understand how gymnastics works, a ball, a machine, a frog with a tongue.

Sound making exercises for children:

Animal repetition ball game.
Broad smile.
Moving the tongue up and down outside the mouth.
Sticking your tongue out and in.
Stick out your tongue and place it on your lower lip.
Licking your lips.
Blow without puffing out your cheeks.
growl
Rumble like a car.

After work, the child finds out what he needs to learn for the next lesson.

Thanks to gymnastics, the muscles of the mouth begin to function correctly

Sound making exercises for children

There are many techniques for improving sound pronunciation. If the baby is able to quickly master one exercise, then you need to move on to another. If the tasks turned out to be difficult, then they need to be spoken 7 times a day. You can recite tasks in different sequences so that your child doesn’t get bored.

The emotional state of the child at this time is very vulnerable. He needs to be supported for every success and not scolded for failures. There is no point in comparing your child with other peers. This can have a detrimental effect on the psyche and further development of the baby.

Exercises for producing sound in children:

Touch the alveoli with your tongue and back.
The tongue is on the alveoli, and you need to blow hard.
Clatter like a horse.
Stop the horse.
Place your tongue on your lower lip as if on a plate. This exercise is best done in front of a mirror.
Tap your tongue on the alveoli.
Chatter like a magpie (trrrrrrrrrrr).
Imitate a car engine.
Place the tongue on the alveoli and speak sounds (dddd, dddddd, rrrrr).

Breathing training

The training should not tire the child. During gymnastics, exercises should help with the following:

Arouse interest in classes.
Develop speech prosody.
Accelerate correct pronunciation.

Exercises:

Blow on cotton wool, inflate a balloon or blow out a candle.
Pronounce vowel compounds: “a-ua-uua-aaee-eeoo-ooiii.”
Pronounce voiceless consonants.
Pronounce voiced consonants.
Inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth for a minute while holding your breath.
Exhale forcefully.
Exhale while pronouncing the letter s.

Articulation gymnastics

Training articulatory muscles promotes constant speech in a person. Speech skills begin to develop from birth. Such gymnastics will help strengthen muscles and eliminate pronunciation difficulties at any year of life.

Training should take place in a playful way. Classes are held with interest, with colorful didactic material. Seeing himself in the mirror, the child is more willing to do the exercises. If the task cannot be completed, then the parent should use clean hands to help their child direct his tongue.

Note! To get started, 2 exercises are enough. With each lesson you can add one more

Exercises for muscles:

Open your mouth wide and sit there for 10 seconds.
Make lips like a duck’s and freeze.
Turn your tongue in different directions.
Puff out your cheeks and deflate.
Pull your cheeks in and return to the opposite position.

If the tongue cannot perform actions, then you can help it with clean hands or foreign objects. The main thing is hygiene and monitoring the conduct of classes.

An exercise in which you need to reach your nose with your tongue

Staging technique

Correct sound production includes taking into account muscle tone, mobility, and articular readiness. Activities for sound production must be carried out comprehensively. By doing gymnastics, massage, speech exercises and motor skills development.

Speech gymnastics

Exercises during gymnastics affect the following:

Breath. Hearing. Attention. Voice timbre. Muscles of the oral cavity.

Note! They develop the connection between speech and movements, pronunciation. Exercises:

Exercises:

Repeat speech commands with your voice and translate them into movement.
Repeat tongue twisters after the speech therapist.
Depict the wind.
Speak with increasing volume.
Pronounce syllables.

How to conduct speech therapy sessions with your child at home. Adviсe

Classes should be held in a playful way. This way the child will not be wary of them, nervous or complex.

You cannot overly insist on exercises and force your child. Classes should bring him pleasure. Only in this case will your pronunciation quickly begin to improve.
The lesson should not exceed 15 minutes, and articulation gymnastics (warm-up) should last at least 5 minutes. This is how the exercises will bring the greatest benefit.
You should not repeat breathing and voice exercises more than 4-5 times. Children tire quickly, use more oxygen than usual, and may feel dizzy.
The child should not have a cold (stuffy nose, sore throat), otherwise breathing exercises will be performed incorrectly and will not be beneficial.
To enhance the effect of classes, it is necessary to consolidate skills throughout the day. Children will have fun playing and saying tongue twisters together with adults. You can do this both at home and on a walk.
You can invite your child to act as a teacher. Let him “teach” his favorite toy to pronounce a letter.
Games and exercises for fine motor skills - modeling, coloring, designing letters - will help develop speech.
Be sure to praise your baby. It is important for him to feel his achievements.

What prevents a child from pronouncing “r”

Hyoid frenulum (small membrane located under the tongue). By the age of six, the child’s tongue frenulum should stretch to 8 mm or more. If it is short, thick, and inactive, difficulties may arise with the sound “r”. In this case, you need to either try to stretch it with the help of special exercises, or trim it at the clinic.

Impaired sound pronunciation. A problem with earlier sounds (for example, a child confuses whistling and hissing sounds) may later result in a problem with the sound “r”. Most likely, the pronunciation of this sound will also be impaired.

If a child pronounces the sound “l” instead of the sound “r”, the situation is normal and can be easily corrected. These two sounds are similar in terms of the position of the tongue, but pronouncing “l” is easier, and the child, hearing “r” in someone else’s speech and trying to repeat it, chooses the simplest method. If a child replaces the sound “r” with other sounds, the situation is more complicated, but in this case we can say that he hears it.

If a child misses a sound or swallows, it can be assumed that phonemic perception of sound is impaired.

Phonemic hearing impairment. The hearing aid cannot perceive all speech, but only individual sounds. In this case, we are talking about a violation of phonemic hearing, which manifests itself in the form of problems with distinguishing sounds.

The peak development of phonemic hearing occurs at the age of 4-5 years. But even before this age, you can notice that the child hears differently. When pronouncing words, he makes substitutions of sounds or skips individual sounds.

Signs of phonemic hearing impairment are a serious reason to take your child to a speech therapist. The cause of impaired phonemic hearing may be damage to the central nervous system, or it may be ordinary adenoids or previous otitis media.

Tone of the articulatory apparatus (tongue, cheeks, lips). Skipping sounds may also indicate insufficient development of speech muscles. A child’s speech muscles may be either insufficiently mobile (hypotonicity) or too tense (hypertonicity). In both cases, sound pronunciation suffers.

Behavioral problems. As we have already said, mastering the sound “r” requires the greatest effort from the child. Making the “r” sound is especially difficult for children with behavioral disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). No less problems with learning pronunciation arise in tonically relaxed children.

Throat "r". If a child has developed according to norms, hears all sounds and the process of mastering speech has not caused him any problems, he does not have the habit of working on acquiring speech skills. In this case, when trying to reproduce the sound “r”, he can take the path of least resistance and replace the difficult to pronounce “r” with a simpler option, namely the laryngeal “r” (in this case, the vibration occurs due to the laryngeal uvula).

Correcting the “r” in the throat is very difficult, since in this case relearning is required. In this case, you definitely need to contact a speech therapist. The situation is further complicated by the fact that many parents simply cannot distinguish the “r” in the throat from the “r” in the tongue.

In all these cases, the most important thing is to correctly determine for what reason the child cannot independently cope with the sound “r”. And the best solution is to contact a speech therapist

A qualified speech therapist will check the frenulum and tone, phonemic hearing, determine the throat “r” (if it is present) and, if necessary, draw up a correction route. If correctional assistance is not needed, you can try to develop the “r” sound yourself.

Reasons for incorrect pronunciation of the sound “r”

Many children, as they grow older, begin to experience discomfort due to the incorrect pronunciation of certain sounds.
Peers begin to tease, which ultimately leads to the development of complexes and self-doubt. In addition, deficiencies in oral speech also affect written language, which, in turn, greatly reduces academic performance. But why do such speech disturbances occur? According to the expert, pronunciation disorders can either be independent or act as one of the manifestations of a more complex disorder of sound speech. Various shortcomings in the pronunciation of the sounds “r” and “r” are expressed in their distortion or replacement. The main reasons, according to the speech therapist, are:

a shortened sublingual fold (“frenulum”), limiting upward movements of the tip of the tongue and the anterior part of the back of the tongue;
weakness of the tongue muscles;
inability to perform involuntary, purposeful movements with the tongue;
Phonemic hearing disorder is the child’s inability to distinguish between heard phonemes.

In addition, we learned that teeth can also influence the quality of pronunciation of various sounds. According to the specialist, an incorrect bite only complicates the work and increases the time it takes to correct speech defects:

with an open bite (when the teeth do not meet), interdental pronunciation often occurs;
with a lateral bite, sounds may be pronounced with an unpleasant squelching sound;
with a deep bite (the lower jaw overlaps the upper jaw), the production of the sound “r” is often combined with a high and narrow palate, which greatly complicates the correct pronunciation.

“If the child has no other speech disorders, except for the incorrect pronunciation of the sound “r”, then this is a difficulty in his articulation. Therefore, parents should not panic if their child does not “growl” at three years old. The articulatory apparatus must be prepared.”

Particular attention should be paid to phonemic hearing impairment. This is a rather serious problem, which will subsequently lead to a deterioration in the child’s performance at school, since the perception of oral and written speech is greatly affected by this disorder.

How to teach a child to pronounce the letter “R” - video

More effective exercises can be seen in the specially designed course of speech therapy classes “Growl Now”.

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Stages of formation of correct sound pronunciation

The formation of correct pronunciation occurs in stages, from simple to complex. Conventionally, correctional work can be divided into three stages:

Sound production (correct position of articulation organs, pronunciation in an isolated state).
Automation (correct reproduction of syllables, words, sentences).
Differentiation (difference between similar sounds by ear, in this case hissing Zh-Sh).

Specialists use various methods and techniques. During work at the first stage, the speech therapist uses massage and staging probes in his work. The former help to relax or tone weak muscles, the latter fix the organs of the articulatory apparatus in the correct position. The speech therapist begins each lesson with articulation gymnastics.

In the initial stages, a mirror is used. This allows the child to correctly correlate his actions with an adult and see whether he correctly repeats after the speech therapist. If it is difficult for a child to hold his tongue in one position or another, at first the teacher helps him with the help of probes. However, there are children who perceive these devices fearfully, as they associate them with medical devices. In this case, you can use disposable cotton swabs; they are safe and easy to use.

Exercises for the tongue when making the sound Z may include the following exercises:

“Pancake”: the exercise is recommended especially for those children who have increased muscle tone in the articulatory apparatus. Correct execution involves keeping the tongue in a relaxed state: the mouth is open, the tongue is wide, resting on the lower lip, while the upper teeth are visible. You need to stay in this position for 5-10 seconds.
“Pipe”: this articulation exercise is necessary to develop the correct position of the lips when pronouncing the sound Zh, it tones the weak muscles around the mouth.
“Delicious jam”: the tip of the tongue should be wide, the child needs to lick first the lower lip, then the upper. It is advisable to have dry wipes on hand to wipe your mouth.
“Cup”: the sides of the tongue rest against the molars. If it is difficult to hold the tongue in this position, at first you can ask him to “wrap the filling in a pancake” (the speech therapist presses the middle part of the tongue with a cotton swab or probe, which helps the baby lift its sides).

With buccal pronunciation, in order to develop proper breathing, strength and direction of the air stream, the child is offered tasks from a set of breathing exercises. For example, you can blow a cotton ball off your palm.

The sound Zh can be “put” from the sounds Sh, Z or R, provided that at least one of them is pronounced by the child correctly. In the group of hissing sounds, the main one is Ш, most often it is from him that the pairing of the Zh begins. These sounds have the same articulatory position, therefore, if both of them are violated, the Sh is placed first, then with the addition of a voice – Zh.

1. Articulatory setting from the sound R.

The speech therapist asks to pronounce the syllable “ra”. When the child speaks, using a staging probe, the teacher stops the vibrational movements characteristic of the sound R. Instead, “zh” will be heard. Then he repeats it several more times, after which the child tries to pronounce the syllable “zha” independently.

2. Setting Z from the sound Z.

The child pronounces the syllable “for” in an extended manner. At this moment, the specialist carefully changes the position of the tongue, using a probe to lift its tip to the palate by the front upper teeth.

3. Formation of the correct position of W from W.

In this case, probes and other placement devices will not be needed. The main thing is to help the child understand that it is necessary to use his voice. To do this, the speech therapist asks you to place your palms on your throat so that vibration is felt when the vocal cords are tense. Then he offers to try to pronounce the sound Sh as loudly as possible. When the ligaments work, the result will be Zh.

Finger gymnastics are widely used. Also, a speech therapist can suggest that the child wind a thread onto a ball and pronounce a syllable, a word with a sound that needs to be automated, for each skein. In group work to consolidate correct pronunciation in backward and forward syllables, you can use a ball.

Differentiation of sounds occurs when learning (reading) tongue twisters, tongue twisters, proverbs and sayings containing consonant words, for example, “fire - bazaar, sting - hall.” At the initial stage, pictures are used to accompany words.

Letter Ш

In order for the letter Ш to be pronounced correctly, the speech apparatus must be well trained.

When pronouncing the letter Ш correctly, the tongue is positioned strictly symmetrically. The lips are always rounded, and the teeth are as close to each other as possible. In the middle of the wide tongue there is a warm stream of air, which can be easily felt with the palm of your hand near the mouth. Vocal cords are open.

It is often difficult for children to perform such actions with their tongue and lips. Therefore, there are various ways to pronounce the letter Sh.

Attention! None of the following pronunciations are correct. They all require adjustments.

interdental pronunciation (the sound in this case is lisping, and the tongue is stuck between the teeth),
pronouncing "in the nose"
a way in which the tongue rests on the teeth, and the sound becomes similar to T,
when there is a malocclusion, the sound is similar to F,
sound reminiscent of S.

You can learn to pronounce the letter Ш at home. To do this, you need to perform exercises daily to establish breathing and train the muscles of the tongue and lips.

In addition, you must complete game tasks to consolidate the skills you have learned.

Articulatory gymnastics is performed daily, at the beginning of the lesson. It is important to stretch not only your tongue, but also your lips.

Tongue exercises:

“Hide the candy.” The child should keep his wide tongue on his lower lip. An adult places a small piece of marshmallow or marshmallow on its edge. The baby needs to hide a piece of sweetness by holding it with his tongue behind his upper teeth and sticking it to the roof of his mouth. The exercise is performed at a slow pace. The mouth should not open wider than 2 cm.
"Football". You need to smile and put your wide tongue on your lower lip. Before this, you need to prepare a piece of cotton wool. The child should blow on the cotton wool, pronouncing the sound F. You need to roll it to the opposite end of the table. It is important to ensure that the sound is pronounced as F, not X - this will affect the width of the air stream. The cheeks should not puff out.
"Harmonic". You need to smile, stick your tongue to the roof of your mouth, and, without letting go of your tongue, open and close your mouth. Worth imagining. that this is accordion fur. Each time you need to open your mouth wider and wider, and hold your tongue in position at the palate longer (from 3 to 10 counts). The sides of the tongue should not sag. The mouth and lips are always motionless.

Lip exercises:

"Tube". The child should stretch out his lips with a straw and silently pronounce the letter U.
"Bunny." You need to smile, opening your upper and lower teeth. The upper and lower lips rise in turn. It is important to ensure that the teeth are closed and the lips return to their original position.

Games with the letter Ш

Finish the phrase (or repeat it). It is worth preparing pictures in advance to help. For example:

Shu-shu-shu - Masha eats noodles. Shi-shi-shi - eat your porridge, kids. Sho-sho-sho - Pasha writes well.

Game "Change the word." We need to change the word so that the sound “sh” appears in it. At first, you may need the help of an adult. But soon the child will be able to change words according to the model on his own.

Peas - peas, nut - nut, sparrow - sparrow, bread - bread, etc.

Hiss like a snake, like a deflated balloon, etc.
Songs, nursery rhymes, poems.

Letter Ш - Hissing, Sometimes-Rustling, Often-Rustling, Occasionally-Grindling.

The snake hisses, hisses, hisses, has been learning the alphabet for six months, the poor thing is already tired, and only knows the letter - Sh-Sh-She.

Shu-shu-shu - the mouse rustled, Shu-shu-shu - the reeds rustled, The nimble little woodpecker, Husking the sixth cone. What's that noise? Ears can hear, Someone is breathing louder, louder, Someone is waving higher, higher, Someone is whispering: “Hush, hush.”

Tongue twisters with the letter Sh

A good way to reinforce the learned skill of pronouncing the letter Sh in a fun way is to learn funny tongue twisters.

The mouse sewed boots for the cat, and the cat sewed pants for the mouse.
Shura sewed boots with an awl for a chinchilla in a hut.
Our sail is sewn conscientiously, even a storm will not frighten us.
The sperm whale does not like porridge; porridge makes him cough.
Piggy Nyusha invited the mouse Masha to eat porridge. Masha the mouse brought Nyusha the pig a piece of pear.
Pasha Sasha sews boots, and Sasha Pasha bakes pies.
They sewed a shirt with pockets, sewed it, sewed it, altered it, sewed it up, but didn’t embroider it.

Starting with the letter R

The letter P is considered the most difficult to pronounce. Many preschoolers can growl like animals, but not everyone makes the sound P sound clearly. There is a whole list of exercises for practicing at home and better assimilation of sound:

exercise “motor” - you need to ask the child to growl like a little motor for a few seconds;
hide and seek or where the sound R is hidden - pronounce the words and clap at the moment when the child hears the sound R, after which the word is pronounced together;
“Growl” game - show a picture of predatory animals so that the child utters a corresponding growl;
game “ringing tracks” - together with the children, come up with chants with the sound R and syllables (for example, ra-ra-ra-ra - we were driven out of the yard; ro-ro-ro-ro - we quickly found a bucket; ru-ru- ru-ru - I am a cheerful kangaroo, etc.);
substitute the correct syllable - you need to pronounce the word, excluding syllables with the sound P, and children need to pronounce the appropriate syllable.

A speech therapy course for mastering the syllable P includes mandatory reading, frequent pronouncing of words and tongue twisters with complex sounds, and learning poems by heart.

Sound production and automation

With the help of exercises, the correct articulation of the sound “sh” is developed. But skill is a mechanical process that requires practice. It will take time to consolidate. It happens that during a lesson, pronunciation improves, but by the next session it again turns into a lisp or whistling. To prevent the opposite effect from appearing, constant supervision of the skill plays an important role:

Gently and jokingly remind the student that he needs to watch his tongue. Control your own pronunciation. Pay attention to the phonemic errors of others and ask your child to pronounce sounds correctly every time. If he is already a schoolchild, let him read aloud with the correct pronunciation. Try to use a new skill more often

Try to use a new skill more often.

For example, ask questions, the answer to which will be words or sentences with the sound “sh”, learn corrective nursery rhymes instead of regular poems. Pure twisters and tongue twisters in daily household chores starting with “sh” will help you quickly automate the sound:

We'll knit a hat for the baby, shu-shu-shu, shu-shu-shu.
We dress the baby, sha-sha-sha, sha-sha-sha.
Collect your pencils, shi-shi-shi-shi-shi-shi.
Children love fairy tales, sha-shu-shi, sha-shu-shi.

You can come up with any simple rhymes and combinations, or your own rhyme. Give one of your favorite toys a special name that will help your child master the sound: “Little Bunny”, “Wolf-Tail”.

Use this name daily in familiar situations to continually refer to the skill.

It is important that the parent himself does not feel awkward when using speech therapy techniques. Try to hiss yourself as sincerely as possible.

When activities become familiar, add similar sounds to them: “zh”, “ch”, “sch”. Teach your child to distinguish them articularly. This will help you at the same time put in all the difficult sounds and master the Russian alphabet. Pictures and instructions can now be purchased at any bookstore.

How to teach a child to pronounce the letter [Zh]

Let's consider the main ways of forming the sound Ж in children, depending on the disorder:

Setting sound when skipped. Sound may be lost in speech. Parents do not hear sound where it should be. In this case, you can teach a child to pronounce F by imitation. Ask him to sing the “Bug song” and pronounce the sound Zh after you for a long time. If the child has intact phonemic hearing, it will not be difficult to pronounce the letter Zh.
Sound production during replacement and mixing (parasigmatism). In this case, the sound is replaced with simpler ones in articulation: , . This defect is easily perceived by ear. Sound production should begin with articulatory gymnastics.

Invite your baby to do tongue exercises for 5-10 minutes every day. The complex for hissing sounds consists of three main exercises and will allow you to form the correct articulatory pattern:

- “Cup”. Ask your child to place the tongue behind his upper teeth and hold for five seconds. A break is taken between exercises so that the tone of the tongue muscles is restored.

- “Tube.” Show your child how to stretch out his lips with a straw. Elongated lips should be held for five seconds.

- “Painter.” A complex exercise that is carried out after successfully mastering the “cup”. The tip of the tongue strokes the hard palate, like a painter paints the ceiling with a roller.

All exercises are carried out in front of a mirror, the child must see himself

During gymnastics, you need to praise your child for the slightest result and try not to pay attention to failures. Parents should not hope for a quick positive result, because producing sounds is a long, painstaking work

It is important to remember that when pronouncing a sound, a strong air stream is necessary. Here, parents will be helped by a variety of toys: harmonicas, paper pinwheels and everything else that you can blow on

The child should be helped to learn to exhale forcefully through the mouth. As you exhale, ask the child to make the sound. Sound distortion (sigmatism) is a complex disorder. In this case, there is a distorted pronunciation of the sound: interdental, lateral, nasal. The correct sound pattern is not formed. The tongue occupies a position either between the teeth, behind the lower teeth, or near the soft palate.

To correct the defect, you must contact a specialist and attend special classes. In this case, it is recommended to carry out the complex of articulatory gymnastics presented earlier, as well as to develop the child’s phonemic hearing.

There are a number of games to develop phonemic awareness. It is necessary to start classes with simple games to distinguish non-speech sounds. Here various sounding toys will come to the rescue: boubouin, drum, bell, squeaker. Invite your baby to listen to how each toy sounds, and then choose one and, hiding it behind his back, make a sound to it.

The child must guess which toy was playing now. Jars of cereal can serve as toys, since small and large grains rustle differently in the jar. Next, you can move on to forming the perception of speech sounds. The child should be taught to distinguish sounds from similar-sounding phonemes.

The game “Catch the Sound” will help parents with this. Invite the child to clap his hands when he hears the sound among other sounds: Ш, Ж, Х, Х, ШЧ, Ж, Ф. Next, the game can be complicated and asked to find a syllable with the letter Ж: SHI, ZHA, HO, SHU, ZHE, SHA, CHI, ZHU. And also an option with words and sentences.

After successful training, you should consolidate the result and move on to the automation stage. It is necessary to control the child’s speech and encourage correct pronunciation not only in speech therapist classes, but also at home. In the first stages, exaggerated pronunciation of the sound is possible, but this is not a problem. The articulatory apparatus gets used to the new way of life, which takes time.

Tips for parents when setting up sound:

It is necessary to monitor the baby’s speech development

Early detection of violations facilitates quick and correct correction. For complex forms of the disorder, you should seek the help of a speech therapist. It is necessary to follow the recommendations of the speech therapist, this will contribute to the success of the correction. It is important to talk with the child and stimulate the baby’s speech activity. Praise your child for the slightest progress in development.

It is important to know that love, attention and care for a child are the key to success in the development of the baby!

Letter L

This is one of the most difficult letters to pronounce. Children learn to pronounce it one of the last. However, it is important to start working on correct pronunciation as early as possible.

How to pronounce the letter L correctly?

The lips stretch into a smile, and the teeth are clenched. The tongue can rest against the teeth, the gap between the upper and lower teeth, or the alveoli. The sides of the tongue do not interfere with the free passage of the air stream.

There are several options for incorrectly pronouncing the letter L.

complete absence of this sound (spoon-spoon)
replacing with a simpler sound, for example, U
distorted pronunciation (similar to S, J or R)
inability to distinguish between hard and soft L.

It is worth trying the following articulation and breathing exercises :

«Smile". Keep your lips stretched out in a smile, counting to 10. Your mouth should be closed.
«Locomotive". The lips stretch into a smile, the teeth are clenched, the tongue presses on the teeth, like on a locomotive whistle, and adds a voice. This produces the sound L.
«Dog". The child stretches his lips in a smile, shows his teeth and bites the tip of his tongue. Then you need to start breathing like a hot dog. It is important to ensure that the air passes through the mouth and not through the nose. Then you need to connect your vocal cords and pronounce YYY or AAA. There is no need to puff out your cheeks.
«Horse." Smiling widely and showing your teeth, you need to click your tongue (as if a horse is galloping). The lower jaw should remain motionless.
Move your tongue in your mouth alternately to the right and left.
«The breeze is blowing." The lips stretch into a smile, the mouth opens slightly and the tongue is bitten. The child begins to blow on the cotton wool in the palm of the adult.
«Pencil". You need to take a deep breath through your nose and exhale a stream of air through your mouth so that you can roll a pencil across the table.

Games with the letter L

“Say the sentence.” These can be rhyming sentences that you need to come up with yourself (for example, lo-lo-lo - it’s warm outside). The child can also continue the lines of poems known to him (for example, A. Barto “The Little Frogs”).
"Box of Pictures" Let the child name the objects shown in the pictures (the names of which contain the letter L). Then you need to make a sentence out of these few words. For example: a bowl of raspberries and a lamp are on the table.
"What's missing?" On the table there are objects whose names contain the letter L (spoon, boat, frog, etc.). For a few seconds, the child turns away from the table, and the adult hides the object. You need to name the “missing” thing.
Rhymes and songs.

It ran away, it ran away, the milk ran away. I caught it with difficulty, Being a mistress is not easy!

Grandfather planted onions and grew an onion. The grandson saw the bow and tore off the forelock of the bow. An amazing thing: Tears are falling - from the grandson!

Here are the needles and pins crawling out from under the bench. They look at me, they want milk.

Tongue twisters with the letter L

Lena was looking for a pin, and the pin fell under the bench.
On the river shallows we came across a burbot.
There is no ring near the well.
The Queen gave the gentleman a caravel.
Our Polkan from Baikal lapped. Lakal, lakal, but Baikal did not become shallow.
Mom washed Mila with soap.
Antipas had one linden tree, but Philip planted seven linden trees.
Crucian carp, don't get into the hole! A crucian carp got stuck in a hole.
Karl was putting the onion on the chest. Clara was stealing onions from the chest.

Exercises

"Motor". The purpose of this exercise is to reproduce the sound of a motor, which resembles the sound of p. The child is asked to press his tongue to the upper palate and place his finger under it. You can also use a cotton swab. The baby is asked to exhale forcefully, while pronouncing a drawn-out “d”. At the same time, it is necessary to make an oscillatory movement with a cotton swab or the child’s finger from side to side. If everything is done correctly, you will hear vibration and a sound similar to r. This will indicate that the engine has been started.
"Painter". The name of the exercises stems from the fact that the child must move his tongue along the inside of the mouth, as if painting the walls of the teeth, cheeks, and palate. This exercise needs to be done back and forth.
"Mushroom". The tongue, holding the central position, should touch the sky and hold for 10 seconds. This exercise received this name due to the fact that the frenulum, which will currently be stretched under the tongue, is similar to a mushroom stalk.
Invite your child to roar and let him imitate a tiger. This exercise can be done together with your baby - he will be a little tiger cub, and you will be an adult animal.

For stretching the frenulum

It is important to complete each task without haste while opening your mouth wide. Parents should understand that gymnastics for speech development puts a serious strain on the baby’s tongue, which is why it is so important to take a break from time to time

"Football". The baby should take turns touching the left and right cheeks, simulating rolling a ball in the mouth. "Swing". Ask the child to open his mouth as wide as possible, and now let him move his tongue down and up, touching his teeth. After several repetitions, you need to stop the tongue from above in the oral cavity and hold it for 15 seconds. “Reach up to the chin.” The child's task is to try to extend his tongue so that it is directed towards the chin, try to reach it. "Kitty". To perform this exercise, parents must pour some kind of treat into the container. The child's task is to lick it, copying the actions of the kitten. “We reach for the nose.” Let the little one open his mouth and smile; his task is to try to reach his nose with the wide tip of his tongue, and then lower it, touching his upper lip

It is important that the jaw remains motionless and the tongue does not narrow.

If there is insufficient air flow force

Rolling balls. Let the baby puff out his cheeks and try to roll the accumulated air from one side to the other, from cheek to cheek.
Inflate the ball. Let your baby try to inflate both cheeks, holding the air as long as possible.
Groove. The child’s task is to place the straightened tongue on the lower lip, and then slightly curl the edges, which will allow the formation of a groove. Now let it blow through it.
The following exercises are also effective:

you can tie a piece of cotton wool to a thread, let the baby blow on it, while the mother holds the cotton wool;
place a pencil on the table in front of the child, let the child try to move it with the force of his breathing;
blowing soap bubbles;
You can blow on a dandelion.

When weak tongue muscles

To strengthen the muscular system of the tongue, exercises that allow it to move up and down are suitable.
"Turkey". The child is asked to open his mouth slightly. Now it is necessary for the baby to gently run his tongue back and forth across his upper lip. At the same time, he should try to say “bl” five times in a row, increasing the tempo all the time.
"Horse". The baby should imitate the clicking sound of a horse by flicking its tongue against the roof of the mouth.

7 tasks for developing correct pronunciation

What can you recommend to parents whose babies are just beginning to pronounce their first words? Do exercises that will help prevent possible problems with the letter r.

"Cuckoo-clock"

You can teach your child to pronounce r using this exercise. Ask your baby to open his mouth wider. After this, the tip of the tongue should be placed on the upper lip, and then hidden behind the central upper teeth, touching the tubercles. Outwardly, it resembles a cuckoo peeking out of a clock and hiding back.

"Tremors"

If you try to pronounce the sound r, you will feel a tremor on the tip of your tongue. To teach your child the correct formation of this sound, you can use this exercise. The tip of your tongue should alternately touch the upper and lower lips. At the same time, you need to release air through your mouth. It turns out that the tongue begins to tremble. And this is what we need.

"Funny face"

To stimulate the muscles that are responsible for the trembling of the tongue, you need to perform the following actions. Invite your son or daughter to stretch their lips into a smile (as much as possible). At the same time, while smiling, the child needs to lightly bite the tip of his tongue. This task must be done 12 times.

"Little Horse"

An effective method for stretching the hyoid ligament is to click your tongue. The sound made when doing this exercise for the letter r will resemble the clatter of a horse's hooves. The tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate and a clicking sound is made. Can be performed 25 times.

"Drummer"

When a child does not say the notorious letter r, the problem may be due to insufficient flexibility of the tongue. The following exercise will help prevent this phenomenon. Invite your baby to open his mouth a little and pronounce the sound d. He should hit the alveoli with his tongue.

"Toothbrush"

This simple exercise will help your child pronounce the letter r. You need to move the tip of your tongue along the inside of your teeth, as if you were brushing them.

"Sucker"

The tongue should be raised to the palate and “glued” as if it had a suction cup. At the same time, without changing the position of the tongue, you need to open and close your mouth.

The listed exercises will help children pronounce the letter r correctly, as they will benefit the development of the speech apparatus.

Mispronunciation options

You can not pronounce R in different ways:

A common option is when the sound is simply thrown out, for example, the baby says “yba” instead of “fish”.
P can be replaced with sounds that are easier to pronounce: L, Y, V, Y, G.
A child may pronounce P in a way that is uncharacteristic for the Russian language, for example, by grazing (in a throaty way) or as in English. This happens especially often in bilinguals who have spoken two languages since childhood, in one of which the sound R is pronounced “not in Russian.”
Sometimes children pronounce this sound alone normally, but have difficulty pronouncing words or syllables.