A 2-year-old child does not speak Komarovsky

Normal speech development of a child

What time does a baby start talking? In the first months of life, the child has no speech. The baby shows a desire to communicate by smiling and crying. By the second month, the baby begins to buzz. This stage of development is very important. Walking allows you to prepare and develop the muscles of the articulation organs.

By 7-9 months of age, the baby begins to babble. Syllables appear in speech that do not carry awareness. The child simply mutters ba-ba-ba, ma-ma-ma and other sets of letters. At 9-11 months, he already understands well the conversation and intonation of others. Knows about 50-100 words by ear. At 11-14 months of age, the baby begins to pronounce words. The vocabulary already contains the following words: “mom”, “dad”, “woman”, “uncle”, “woof-woof” (dog), “bo-bo” (hurt), “bi-bi” (car) and other. There should be 10 words by the year.

A one-year-old child carefully follows the movements of his relatives’ lips during a conversation and tries to repeat the words and articulation of adults. If you constantly talk to your baby, he will quickly learn to repeat words and reproduce them correctly.

Girls begin to speak 2-4 months earlier than boys. This occurs due to differences in brain structure. In boys, the connection between the hemispheres is less developed, which slightly complicates the conduction of nerve impulses. Therefore, boys start talking a little later, which is the norm.

At one and a half years old, the child is already forming two-word phrases. He says in an imperative mood: “Dad. Give”, “Mom. Go." By 18 months of age, he pronounces words in the plural.

By the age of two, a child already knows about 1000 words. At this age, children begin to ask questions: “What is this?”, “Who is there?”, “Why?” In a 2-year-old child, you can hear small sentences: “This is a dog,” “This is a chair,” “Give me a bear,” “Where is daddy?”

How to help you speak?

Family conditions certainly play the most important role in the development of a child’s speech. To develop speech, a child needs daily communication with adults, games and developmental activities.

Conditions in the family necessary for the correct and timely development of speech

When entering a kindergarten where there is a group of peers and a system of activities, the child is likely to speak quite quickly. The presence of other children with whom he has to interact pushes him towards this. But how to promote speech development at home?

What to do if a child speaks poorly at 6 years old?

There are several basic conditions for the correct and timely development of speech:

Talk to the baby. This is the most important point. Children learn by adopting, so they need role models. In a family, it is important to talk and communicate a lot with the child. It is a well-known fact that if a child grows up in a deaf-mute family, then even if he has no pathology, he will not begin to talk, since there is simply no one to teach him. Gesture and facial expressions will be his ways of expressing thoughts, speech skills will not be formed (this is provided that the baby does not attend children's groups). Experts advise saying out loud all the actions that an adult performs together with his son or daughter. And, even if it seems that the child does not understand anything and does not answer, then this still needs to be done. The baby hears speech, remembers and learns.
Fill the life of a little person with impressions and emotions, organize his leisure time. This is the main task. If he sits without seeing the interesting and alluring world around him, the child will speak much later, his vocabulary will be more meager. Therefore, it is necessary to organize joint walks to a new place, trips to parks, museums, interesting playgrounds, and enroll in a club.
Create a comfortable psychological atmosphere in the family. Family is a child’s cultural niche and the best means for his development. If there are constant scandals in the house and profanity is used, then the child’s emotional and, accordingly, speech development will suffer.

We identify and eliminate the causes of delayed speech development

Parents may notice that the speech of a four-year-old is not sufficiently developed, it is impossible to get him to talk, and seek advice from specialists (pediatrician, neurologist, speech therapist, otolaryngologist, psychologist and psychiatrist).

These specialists will have to determine whether there is a delay and, first, identify the reasons. The pediatrician will have to determine the child’s condition and, if necessary, refer to a specialist. It is necessary to check whether the baby has brain damage, rule out otitis media, hearing loss (the baby may simply not hear the sound signal), adenoids, assess the mental development and psychological state of the child, and conduct a speech therapy examination.

If the doctor discovers any problems that interfere with development, then, of course, they should be eliminated, if possible. If there are problems with blood circulation in the brain, then appropriate therapy is prescribed to restore blood circulation. Otolaryngological problems also require treatment. If necessary, psychological assistance should be provided.

In parallel with this, a child with speech delay will have to attend a session with a speech therapist. The defectologist will also give competent, up-to-date advice on the Federal State Educational Standard. To achieve the best effect, parents will also have to work with the baby at home, following the recommendations of specialists.

Exercises for speech development in children 2-3 years old

Important to remember! An individual approach is required in this matter.

Komarovsky on the development of speech function

Dr. Komarovsky is a pediatrician who became famous thanks to his programs. In them, he gives recommendations to parents on children's health and education. In television programs, the doctor spoke more than once about the development of speech.

Komarovsky talks about the importance of a child’s communication with parents and people around him. According to him, the baby develops correctly when parents are present during the game. Adults help him explore the world. During communication, mom or dad teach how to throw a ball, what to do with a pyramid, and so on, and give a task (instructions). Example: “Take the ball and bring it to mom,” “Throw the ball to dad.”

While playing together, the baby learns to listen and analyze the parents’ speech. He has a desire to learn to speak, pronounce words correctly, construct phrases and sentences. This is very important, especially at the stage of transition from understanding the oral speech of others to reproducing it independently.

Norms of speech development at the age of 2.5 years

Although each child’s speech development follows an individual plan, there are common norms for speech development and average statistical periods for the appearance of certain language units. By the age of 2.5 years, children pronounce simple two-word phrases; the dictionary of children of this age contains from 50 to 250 words. These are mainly nouns and verbs, less often pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

By the time between the third and fourth years of life, the active vocabulary will increase to 1 thousand words.

Willingness to communicate with familiar and unfamiliar adults and children is the main quality of children's speech at this age. Although the child speaks in simple sentences, he can easily talk about what he saw and ask about what interests him.

Weakness of the muscles of the lips and tongue, the inability to perform subtle movements of the organs of articulation lead to the fact that the baby cannot yet pronounce many sounds accurately. Mastering sibilant and sonorant consonants (“l”, “r”) is still ahead.

This article will tell you how to teach your child the correct pronunciation of “r”.

A 2.5-year-old child is actively interested in his surroundings, often asks about objects and phenomena that are accessible to his understanding: “What is this?”, “Why?”, “Why?”. These questions cannot be ignored, because without receiving an answer several times, children simply stop turning to adults. If parents answer all the questions of interest to a little person who is exploring the world, they develop a very valuable quality - his inquisitive mind, the desire for knowledge, thereby developing the child as a whole.

Also at this age the child should:

get rid of the use of distorted words and simplifications;
distinguish relatives by names;
know several dozen voices of animals and birds.

Etiological reasons for the lack of speech in 2-year-old children

There can be many reasons for the lack of speech. The attention of parents, the health of the child, mother and father are of great importance for speech activity. Also, delayed speech development (SDD) is provoked by stress.

Etiology of speech delay:

Injuries during childbirth, complicated pregnancy history.
Neurological pathologies.
Hearing loss, deafness.
General underdevelopment of speech function.
Mental retardation, mental retardation.
Autism, cerebral palsy.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Insufficient attention from relatives.

Speech may be delayed by a complicated history of pregnancy and childbirth. Hypoxic brain damage has a bad effect on speech development. It occurs due to placental abruption, strong uterine tone throughout pregnancy, and late toxicosis (eclampsia). Eclampsia is a serious problem during pregnancy, as it severely damages the blood vessels of the placenta. In this case, blood flow is hampered, the child experiences a deficiency of nutrients and especially oxygen.

With strong uterine tone, a spasm of blood vessels occurs. The blood flow is partially blocked, the baby experiences hypoxia. With partial placental abruption, the same thing happens. Hypoxic damage to the brain greatly impedes its development. The formation of ischemic foci begins in the brain tissue, which later manifest themselves as speech disorders.

Brain function is greatly influenced by methods of assistance during childbirth and poor labor performance. Damage to the nervous system provokes the use of a vacuum extractor and obstetric forceps during obstetrics. It is also undesirable to use the technique of expelling the child by pressing on the stomach.

Subsequently, delayed speech development is caused by aspiration of amniotic fluid, entanglement with the umbilical cord (especially double). The child experiences hypoxia. Prolonged labor of more than 12 hours is dangerous for the child due to hypoxic damage to brain tissue.

Hypoxic conditions result in delayed neuropsychic development, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity.

Smoking, drinking alcohol, and using drugs during pregnancy have a negative effect on the development of speech function. These habits can lead to deafness (congenital), gradual hearing loss, and hypoxic damage to brain tissue. Smoking, alcohol, and drugs provoke impaired brain development, prematurity, threat of miscarriage, infectious diseases of early age, and autoimmune pathologies.

Speech delay is possible in autism. An autistic child is unable to communicate normally with parents and children. Lack of interaction with others leads to delayed speech development or absence of speech.

Signs of a speech development problem

Not all parents have the same attitude towards the pace of their child’s acquisition of native speech. Some are dejected that the child does not recite children’s poems by heart at the age of 2, while others are careless about the fact that in the third year of life the child does not speak or communicates in a “gibberish” language, and no one except his mother understands him .

If you have doubts about whether speech is developing at the right pace at two and a half years, you should not rely on the opinions of friends or read forums - it is better to consult a speech therapist for advice. It is reasonable to do this at the age of 2 years 4 months, but you can ask your questions earlier. 2.4-2.6 years is the recommended age.

At what age does a child need a speech therapist, when is it better to show him for the first time?

The Russian Union of Pediatricians confirms that the speech development of boys may lag slightly behind the achievements of girls of the same age. The reason for this discrepancy is that in boys, the connection between the two hemispheres, which ensures their coordinated work, is formed with some delay.

It is more difficult for them than for girls to formulate their statements grammatically correct. Over time, this dissonance is eliminated; often it is men who have vivid figurative speech, they are successful in the literary field.

Signs of being behind the age norm:

the baby cannot follow a simple 2-step instruction: “First put a chair, then put a teddy bear there.”
his vocabulary is much poorer than that of his peers and ranges from 20 to 50 words.
he does not address adults with requests and questions.
almost always uses gestures to explain his needs rather than words.
he doesn’t care whether those close to him understand what he says.
he cannot show the named familiar object, or bring, at the request of an adult, something that is not in sight.
There are no phrases of even two words in the baby’s speech.
he hums or speaks in his own language.
does not understand words and does not speak.
he is not attracted to reading works of art, telling poems, fairy tales.
he does not repeat or recite short poems on his own.

These symptoms can be observed in combination or separately. They signal a delay in speech development - a condition that can be compensated by regular independent activities with the baby, or a general underdevelopment of speech - a more complex pathology, the correction of which will require much more time.

Main differences:

Tempo speech delay, or speech development delay (SSD) - there are no organic lesions, intelligence and emotional development are normal, “he understands everything, but cannot say.”
General speech underdevelopment (GSD) is a pathology based on damage to the central nervous system, but along with the speech anomaly, other mental processes (attention, thinking, memory) very often suffer secondarily.

The concept of tempo speech delay is applicable to children under 3 years of age. After this age, an easily correctable disorder develops into a serious problem and turns into a diagnosis.

Etiology of the absence of speech function according to Komarovsky

Dr. Komarovsky, in addition to the main causes of delayed speech development, identifies others. The main problem for modern parents is increased attention to speech development. If the child does not start speaking before the age of 2, the relatives are very worried, nervous, and take the child to a speech therapist, neurologist, or otolaryngologist. Such increased attention forces the child, on the contrary, to continue to remain silent.

Many parents rush their baby to talk. They begin to study it intensively, which reduces the speed of speech development. The child wants to play, but he is forced to sit over books, drawings, cards. Children at 1.5 years of age experience difficulties with attention, so they quickly get bored with activities. Tasks that are not appropriate for age, prolonged sitting only repel the preschooler from studying. He may refuse to talk at all.

Komarovsky often talks about a modern problem - gadgets. Parents do not want to work with their child. They devote more time to the computer, tablet, and TV.

Relatives early teach the child to play games on a tablet, use phones, watch cartoons, and read few books. Games and animation do not allow speech and imagination to develop. It is especially harmful to let a preschooler over 1.5 years old use gadgets. At this time, there is a surge in speech development. If you miss the early period of formation of speech function, the child will be severely delayed.

The next problem, according to Komarovsky, is the high employment of adults. Parents living in cities are constantly at work. Some of them work until late. On weekends, city residents try to relax: go to clubs, restaurants, go fishing, go shopping, watch TV, go to the gym. For this reason, the child does not have time to communicate with relatives. He is either with a nanny or in kindergarten, and this is not enough for full speech development. A preschooler may protest and become completely silent.

One of the reasons for silence is the lack of motivation to speak on the part of parents. If a preschooler is silent, this does not always mean that he cannot speak. The child was not motivated by his parents to develop speech. He responds adequately to requests and tasks without using speech, so he sees no point in mastering speech skills. The baby often simply hums, nods, or points to an object or relative.

Why speech development delay occurs, its consequences

Speech delay can occur for the following reasons:

physical exhaustion due to somatic diseases;
pathologies of the ears and nasopharynx;
damage to the central nervous system;
disadvantages of upbringing due to inattention to the child, when they do not engage with him and communicate little.

Pathologies of the central nervous system can arise due to birth trauma, asphyxia during childbirth, past infection, skull trauma, and genetically determined diseases.

Neglect of development is a fairly common reason why a child of 2.5 years does not speak. Many parents have no time to take care of their child and instead of communicating with dad or mom, he plays alone or gets a tablet in his hands for the whole day, which is not particularly conducive to speech development, no matter what developmental applications there are.

Children's speech delays, if not corrected in a timely manner in early childhood, can lead to mental retardation. Therefore, if your baby does not speak at two and a half years old, this is an alarming symptom of a big brewing problem.

The child will not be able to feel comfortable in kindergarten and school, his developmental deviation will be noticeable to his peers, and socialization problems may arise. The baby will begin to withdraw into himself, will not obey, and the parents will experience anxiety.

Many parents first listen to the advice of friends or anonymous people on forums that it’s worth waiting. And when it becomes too late and an unpleasant diagnosis is made, they begin to sound the alarm and think about what to do.

The well-known pediatrician Dr. Komarovsky E.O., whose opinion is completely trusted by many mothers and grandmothers, believes that you need to start working on speech development as early as possible - for example, from one year old. If you feel anxious about speech formation, seek advice from a specialist - a speech therapist, a child psychologist or a neurologist.

Two and a half years is the age when you can start sounding the alarm. It is better to think about the problem at two years. The principle is simple - preventing a speech development problem is much easier than solving it. Do you know parents who take their children to private speech therapists for several years? There are a lot of them... and this could have been avoided.

Komarovsky's recommendations

For worried parents whose baby has not spoken by the age of 2, Dr. Komarovsky advises visiting a doctor. The examination includes consultations with a neurologist, speech therapist, psychologist, and otolaryngologist. An ENT doctor is needed to rule out deafness or hearing loss. To do this, the specialist will refer you for a hardware test called an audiogram. It will determine your hearing level and range of sounds.

A neurologist is the main specialist working with preschoolers who have delays in speech function. It will help identify the causes of speech deviations. The doctor will conduct the necessary examination (history, examination), prescribe additional techniques: neurosonography, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging and others. If necessary, he will recommend therapy (Encephabol, Pantogam and other drugs), which will give impetus to the appearance of speech function.

During the examination, the neurologist will find out:

General development of the baby (when he began to smile, walk, understand the conversation of others).
Skills at the time of examination.

After the examination, the neurologist refers you to a speech therapist for consultation. The specialist conducts an examination and special tests for speech function. After the first visit, the speech therapist writes a conclusion and draws up a lesson plan. While working with the child, the teacher develops speech function: teaches him to pronounce sounds, words, and sentences properly.

Common pathologies that a speech therapist detects:

Short bridle.
Increased muscle tone of the articulatory apparatus.

Consultation with a psychologist is necessary for all children with speech impairments. The specialist will assess the state of speech function and identify pathology. A psychologist is also necessary to exclude or confirm psychological trauma, chronic stress and other conditions. Based on the results of the examination, treatment is prescribed (conversations, art therapy, trainings, dolphin therapy, etc.), if required.

Doctor's advice:

Spend more time with your baby.
Constantly articulate all your actions and intentions.
Do not give your preschooler phones or tablets, and limit watching cartoons.
Read more, memorize nursery rhymes, poems, songs.
Do not scold your child when he refuses to say something.
Ask questions to the baby, namely: “What do you see in the picture?”, “Who came?”, “What color is the hat?” and so on.
Organize the baby’s communication with peers and older children.
Protect from stressful situations and conflicts in the family.

Therapy for speech delay

Before speech therapy sessions, the child is treated for the underlying disease (drug therapy, physiotherapy, surgical correction and other types of treatment). To increase brain blood flow and improve neuronal nutrition, nootropic and metabolic medications are indicated for children with delayed speech function: Cortexin, Pantogam, Actovegin, Glycine.

Pantogam is considered an effective drug for the treatment of speech disorders. To enhance the effect of therapy, it is combined with Glycine. The course of therapy is 1-6 months, depending on the severity of the pathology. Cortexin has also proven itself well as a children's nootropic drug. It is relatively safe and effective. B vitamins improve brain function.

Nootropics should only be prescribed by a neurologist or psychiatrist. You should not take medications on your own. Nootropics should only be taken in courses. There should be a break of 1-2 months between course therapy. You should not use more than 2 nootropics at the same time. This may harm the baby.

After or during the course of treatment, speech therapy sessions are conducted. During an appointment with a speech therapist, the specialist studies the medical history and carries out speech therapy diagnostics. The speech therapist uses special cards or books to determine which sounds the child cannot reproduce. At the end of the study, the specialist writes a lesson plan.

A child may be sent to a specialized kindergarten for speech correction if there are very serious speech impairments. Speech correction classes can take place at home or in gardens. Lessons are conducted both individually and in groups. During classes they use books, cards with pictures, and games that make it easier to learn normal speech. The main aspect of correction is considered to be homework with parents. The child repeats what he learned in class and actively talks with loved ones.