Modern parents know that in order to successfully study at school, children need to clearly and clearly pronounce all the sounds of their native language. Without correct speech, it is impossible to express your thoughts, write dictations, or compose retellings. Usually, by school, a child should have well-developed speech. However, some preschoolers never learn to speak clearly and distort some sounds, so it becomes necessary to consult a speech therapist. Experts note that recently new types of dyslalia (sound pronunciation disorders) have appeared, which were almost never encountered before. These include incorrect pronunciation of the sounds T, D. Will parents be able to work on correcting sound pronunciation at home if such a speech disorder is discovered in a child? In order to properly organize classes at home, you need to understand what the production of the t sound is in connection with the production of the d sound.
Important: correct pronunciation develops mainly by the age of five, so you should seek special help after 5 years. However, from an early age it is necessary to carefully monitor the child’s speech, not to be touched by the distortion of words, but, if possible, to correct the child’s speech errors.
Features of pronunciation of sounds T D
What typical mistakes do children make when pronouncing them? Systematically occurring speech disorders include:
- Replacing the front-lingual sounds “T – D” with the corresponding back-lingual “k – g”, for example, “k( t )igrenok”, “ing( d )yuk”.
- Mixing the front-lingual consonants “T – D” with the back-lingual “k – g”: cell - cell; glass - rolled.
- The sound “T” can be softened by “P” or “K”, for example: pichka - bird; drink, drink instead of dot.
- Persistent confusion T H (u t it - teaches, nine ( h)ka), T Ts (Pet ya - Petya, blooms - blooms).
In children with speech errors, one can observe the following construction of sentences: “Mom, where (where) are my tanfettes (sweets)?”, “There are sweets on the tartine (picture). Others immediately notice such violations, and parents may also detect incorrect articulation of the sound t : instead of leaving the tip of the tongue below, resting on the front teeth, the baby raises it to the palate.
Very often the reasons for incorrect pronunciation are:
- Disturbances in articulation (function of the speech organs).
- Low mobility of the lower jaw.
- Underdevelopment of auditory perception (the baby cannot distinguish sounds).
- It’s a bad example for adults when someone around them pronounces T D .
In any case, the diagnosis is made by a speech therapist, and parents are engaged in making sounds at home in accordance with his recommendations. Articulation gymnastics is very helpful in work, which should become a constant companion not only in classes, but also in everyday life.
Important: correction of the pronunciation of sounds N T D, as a rule, is carried out after simple sounds are clearly defined in the preschooler’s speech: vowels (a, u, o, i, e, s) and consonants (b b, p p, m m, v v, f f).
To examine the pronunciation of T D , you can offer your child a small test in the form of several exercises:
- Following the adult, pronounce sentences in which these sounds occur, for example: Dusya gives melon to Dasha. Aunt Tanya has notebooks on the table.
- Look at pictures that depict objects with sounds T D , for example: slippers, calf, tiger, axe, TV, cart, cake; melon, house, door, tree, girl, children.
- Among the pictures laid out on the table, find the one that the adult names: dot - daughter, cloud - dacha, duck - pipe, pond - twig, house - volume.
Work is required for the child whose speech cannot be traced with TD or is replaced by other sounds, and there is no differentiation (distinguishing sounds that are similar in sound).
Symptoms of a real problem
How do you know if rearranging letters is a sign of a problem? Please note the following:
- Children confuse similar letters when reading or writing them. For example: p-t, b-d, o-u, i-u and others;
- Impaired sound pronunciation affects the processes of writing and reading - children pronounce incorrectly or confuse certain sounds, so they replace or skip them when writing and reading.
- If children do not read fluently, but skip, rearrange, replace letters and words, do not indent between words, swallow endings when reading and writing, then we can talk about the presence of dysgraphic and dyslexic problems.
- Children may make mistakes due to difficulties in writing and reading soft and hard consonant sounds, in denoting them in writing with iotized vowels (e, ё, yu, ya) or with a soft sign.
If you notice such problems, we recommend that you consult a speech therapist. The specialist will diagnose the child’s speech development and tell you whether rearranging letters while reading or writing is a violation, or whether it is simple fatigue. If this is a violation, then the speech therapist will tell you how to solve the problem.
Techniques for producing sounds T D
The classic techniques of speech therapy work are the preparatory stage and sound production, which can also be actively used in home exercises. If you choose the right exercises, it will not be difficult for parents to cope with their child’s speech disorders.
Important: before teaching a child the correct articulation of the sound T ( D ), the adult must himself practice the position of the lips and tongue in front of the mirror: the lips take the position of the vowel that follows T (ta - ta - ta); the tongue is fixed in the upper teeth; the palate is raised. In addition, articulatory gymnastics must also be previously rehearsed by an adult.
Preparatory stage
Speech therapists insist that if the baby’s tongue is not strong enough to make sounds, it is necessary to first strengthen the muscles of the tongue and lips. Therefore, the preparatory stage necessarily includes articulation gymnastics. Speech therapy massage exercises will help prepare the speech apparatus for it::
- An adult, using a mirror, teaches the preschooler to take the correct position of the lips and tongue, showing the differences in pronunciation, for example, T (tip of the tongue) and K (tail of the tongue): “The cake is being eaten,” “Drops are dripping.”
- Making the T requires a sharp and strong exhalation. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the ability to exhale correctly. You can use the following exercises: “Soap bubbles”, “Balloon”, “Flying snowflakes (from a napkin or cotton balls)”.
- Then follows articulation gymnastics:
- “Wide smile” – connect your teeth, stretch your lips wide and hold this position for up to 7 seconds.
- “Tick-tock clock” - the tongue quickly moves left and right along the upper lip.
- “The tongue does not obey” - say five-five-five, tapping your upper lip on your tongue, gradually differentiating (distinguishing) the sounds P T.
- “Tongue - spatula” - relax the tongue, making it wide, place it on the relaxed lower lip.
Important: we must try to make it interesting for the child to complete rather monotonous preparatory tasks. To do this, it is necessary to introduce new articulatory gymnastics exercises, which can be borrowed from speech therapy practice, at each home lesson.
Staging sounds
How to install sound at home? Experts offer several ways to set sound; a parent can try all of them and choose the one that is more accessible and understandable to the baby.
- Setting T by imitation: an adult invites a preschool child to repeat first the syllables, and then the words; it is advisable to start with the syllable “ta”. For example: ta-ta-ta, ta-you-to-tu, you-you-you, you-ta-to-tu, to-to-to, to-tu-ta-you. Then the transition to words - pure words: ta-ta-ta, ta-ta-ta, such beauty; you-you-you, you-you-you, gave us flowers; tu-tu-tu, tu-tu-tu, we clean up; so-and-so, so-and-so, I put on my coat. A creative approach to speech activities will allow parents to independently compose similar phrases in sound, involving children in creativity.
- Interdental method: an adult shows the child the position of the tongue (the tongue is pressed between the lips, in this position you need to exhale strongly until you hear a sound, then place the tongue behind the teeth). You can teach how to control your exhalation by playing a “fence” for air by placing your palm in front of your mouth. Or arrange a game of “ball” (a cotton ball is driven into an improvised goal with a stream of air).
- Speech therapists use the method of setting T from the sound P. The child repeats pa-pa-pa, placing the wide tip of the tongue on the lower lip, then, smiling broadly, pronounces P , resulting in T.
- When setting D , the work is identical, only when exhaling the voice is added.
Automation of sounds T D
When the sounds T D are delivered (correct articulation has appeared) and the child learns to pronounce them, the next stage begins - automation (practice of the skill). It is important to achieve fluent pronunciation here. Since this is new for a preschooler, it means a lot of training is required. Speech therapists recommend introducing the practiced skill gradually: first through syllables, then words, then sentences. Articulation exercises, games based on poetry, stories, riddles will help well in this work, which will also maintain interest in the classes. At the same time, do not forget that every home lesson must begin with articulatory gymnastics.
Important: parents need to make every effort to ensure that the incorrect pronunciation of T D disappears from the child’s speech as quickly as possible. It should be taken into account that new material is introduced only after the previous one has been mastered.
What can an adult do to keep the child interested in activities and at the same time repeat monotonous actions over and over again? Gaming techniques will help, with the help of which syllables are practiced, for example: ta-ta-ta, yes-da-da, to-to, do-do-do, ta-you-to-tu, at-at-at, yes-dy-du, yt-yt-yt, ud-ud-ud. Plots can be very diverse:
- Let's teach the doll to brush its teeth, show it what articulation gymnastics is: “let's brush the teeth” (various movements of the tongue on the teeth from the outside and inside, up and down, left and right).
- Let's sing a song to the toys: “tra-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta, we are taking a cat with us”;
- Play the drum for the bear: tram-ta-ta-tam; on a dog pipe: doo-doo-doo.
- I start speaking, and you finish (the adult pronounces part of the word, which must end in a syllable with the sounds T D ): flowers, beauty, candy, mast, coat, bouquet; bicycles, sneakers, beards.
- Hello, little finger! (the thumb is put forward, and each finger in turn “greets it” with the syllables: ta, to, tu, you; yes, do, du, dy).
After the preschooler has automated sounds, the work becomes more complicated, the pronunciation of sounds is fixed in words.
Exercise “Collecting beads”
An effective exercise on automating the sound T with older preschoolers. An adult invites the preschooler to collect unusual beads, having previously agreed which syllable should follow which. For example, there may be such a sequence: that - that - you - that - that - that. Work with the sound d is carried out in a similar way. At first, you can rely on visual aids (colored beads, circles of colored paper, pencils). Subsequently, the visualization is removed, and the child acts from memory.
Exercise “Come up with words with the sounds T D”
Invite the child to repeat after the adult words with the sounds T D at the beginning, middle, and end of the word. For example, an adult starts with a more understandable syllable ta : ta kidneys, ta chka, ta reel; The baby continues: ta NK, ta Buret, ta Nets, ta Xi. Then he moves to another position T D : cat , cock , roll , leaf ; sala t , play t , collect t , bark t , help t . Or daughter , yes , day , gifts , soldier ( voice emphasis on the highlighted one). If at first it is difficult for a preschooler to continue his vocabulary, you can work with pictures. The work with the syllables you dy : you qua, hole , you , dy m; then to : then por, then mouth, then thick, kind , then chka, dochka ; tu du : tu chka, tu loop, ra du ga, du ga. It is better to prepare the vocabulary in advance. An even more interesting automation exercise will take place with a ball. The adult throws the ball to the child with his word, the child responds with his own.
Exercise “Sound t and sound d in a sentence”
Similar work is done with sentences; the preschooler repeats after the adult, emphasizing T D :
- Tanya and Tom are traveling on a tram.
- Trofim is riding in a taxi.
- The plane is flying.
- Aunt Tonya is planting flowers.
- Dima and Tolya are skating on the skating rink.
- Dasha and Denis shared the melon.
- Children go to kindergarten.
In order for a preschooler to be able to independently compose a sentence, plot pictures are used. It is necessary to ensure that all words of the sentence have a sound that is automated ( T D ).
Nursery rhymes, pure sayings for automating sounds etc.
To make it easy for parents to choose an artistic series for practicing the sounds of T D, you can use speech therapy selections or come up with pure sounding phrases together with your children. For example, the parent starts with syllables, and the child then rhymes the sentence:
- Ta-ta-ta, ta-ta-ta, (they saw a whale in the sea ) .
- Tu - tu - tu, tu - tu - tu, (let's pour some milk into it ).
- Yes - yes - yes, yes - yes - yes, (splashed all over with water ) .
- water in the glass ).
- Yes - yes - yes, yes - yes - yes, (don't go there ) .
- doo , (go there anyway ).
A lot of nursery rhymes can be found on children's websites or in children's books. Their main task is to automate the sound T ( D ), its correct pronunciation, for example:
Shadow, Shadow, Shadow, above the city there is a fence. The animals sat on the fence and boasted all day long. The fox boasted: I am beautiful to the whole world! The bunny boasted: Go, catch up!
Pull the canvases, the canvases are simple. Pull, Pull, Pull, Across, across.
We know, we know: Yes-Yes-Yes! Water is hiding in the tap! Come out, water! We came to wash up!
LaDushki, LaDushki, Let's bake pancakes. We'll put it on the window. Let's leave it to cool. Let's wait a little, Let's give pancakes to everyone.
Differentiation of sounds D T
An important stage in speech therapy work is the differentiation of sounds (distinguishing similar sounds, T D, D D, T T). This stage is carried out in parallel with automation and is necessary in order to compare sounds (soft and hard) and practice pronunciation. You can teach a preschooler new special techniques for distinguishing sounds: a hand is applied to the throat while sounding, the sound is determined ( D - voiced, voiced; T - deaf, without a voice). For differentiation, you can use already known techniques: syllables, words, sentences in exercises, games, sayings, nursery rhymes.
Differentiation of sounds T ТТ in the exercise “Compare sounds in guesses”
An adult asks the child to guess riddles, and then asks if the sound of T in all the riddles? The main thing is to make it possible to understand the difference in the pronunciation of the sounds T (hard) T (soft).
Round, not a month, yellow, not butter, Sweet, not sugar, with a tail, not a mouse ( you kwa).
He bows, bows, when he comes home he will stretch out ( then ).
A block froze over the water, and she dreams of fish for lunch. There are fins and too lazy to swim, the fish will be eaten by another ( seal laziness).
Exercise “Correct phrasing”
The goal is to teach how to pronounce and distinguish DY .
Grandfather Dodon played the pipe, Grandfather hit Danka with the pipe.
A woodpecker is chiseling a tree, Day after day crushes the bark.
Game "Come up with a proposal"
To establish and consolidate the pronunciation of T D , adults can teach children to come up with beautiful sentences while relying on verbal helpers. Then determine which words have hard T D and which have soft Т Дь:
Denis - telephone (Denis was given a telephone); Home is a cat (Our cat doesn’t walk, he’s at home); Tanya - melon (Tanya loves melon); Tyoma is a pipe (Tyoma learns to play the pipe); Dusya - pictures (Dusya loves to look at pictures);
Important: parents should understand that home exercises for correct pronunciation consist of developing the skill of pronouncing the sounds of their native language. This process is long, systematic, and requires patience and persistent training in automation and sound differentiation. A thoughtful selection of articulatory gymnastics, exercises, games, and verbal material will help to achieve good results in the development of competent, beautiful speech in preschool children.
Causes of the violation
It is quite difficult for children to learn to read and write. During training, 4 analyzers are used:
- Speech motor - responsible for the correct pronunciation of words and sounds.
- Speech-hearing - responsible for determining and selecting the desired sound.
- Visual - determines the desired letter.
- Motor - determines how to write a letter correctly.
The development and formation of speech, the ability to correctly pronounce all sounds, the perception and reproduction of words - all this fully influences the process of a child learning to write and read. The parieto-occipital-temporal region of the brain is responsible for speech and writing, which is fully formed only by the age of 10 years.
It is especially difficult to learn to read for children who are diagnosed with problems with pronunciation and in distinguishing sounds that are similar in sound. This is due to the child’s underdeveloped phonemic processes, as a result of which he simply does not know how to pronounce the problematic sound correctly. Therefore, a child with such a disorder should not be taught to read and write until a specialist has formed his correct sound pronunciation.
There is also a special vision for letters. Simply seeing well is not enough to learn to write. With the help of this feeling, the baby learns to remember and then correctly reproduce letters. He must be intellectually developed, have good speech hearing and vision so that the process of learning to write and read is not particularly difficult.
The appearance of such problems can be influenced by the physiological characteristics of the child. Sometimes a disorder occurs associated with uneven development of the brain hemispheres, as a result of which the less developed part of the organ will perform its functions worse. In each hemisphere there are centers that are responsible for different capabilities of the body (reading, speech, vision, hearing, smell).
Often parents are faced with the problem of mirror spelling of letters. There can be many reasons for this feature, but most often speech therapists diagnose left-handedness. A person can be a hidden or obvious left-hander, and such people are characterized by mirror writing.
There is a hereditary tendency to rearrange letters when reading. If parents or other close family members have had difficulty learning to write or read, there is a good chance that the child will also have difficulty learning to read or write.
There are cases when the problem goes away on its own, the child outgrows it and continues to study normally without outside help. But there are other situations in which the problem starts and a person experiences serious difficulties already in adulthood. The video below shows a similar story:
A number of physiological and genetic disorders can also be the cause. At the same time, the person has normal mental development. He may be successful in any field of science, but he will have big problems with writing and reading.
Dysgraphia and dyslexia can appear in stubborn children when there is no harmony and connection between mother and child in the family. For example, if a baby is force-fed, against his wishes, in the future he will refuse to study, resist the teacher and mother, thus expressing his protest.
If a child has problems with concentration, then when reading it is difficult for him to follow the line. The consequence, again, is the rearrangement of letters in words and words in sentences. You should train the ability to concentrate attention on objects and do exercises for your visual muscles.
How to teach children to say the letter P: speech therapy exercises
simpletomyinfo.ru
Exercises to strengthen the muscles of the tongue
1. Let's ride a horse Ask your child to ride like a horse. Children enjoy this fun activity. Important: the lips smile, while only the tongue moves, the lower jaw is static.
2. Whitewash the ceiling Invite your child to whitewash the ceiling with the tip of his tongue (the movements resemble drawing back and forth with a brush). The lips are stretched into a smile.
3. Fungus To perform this rather complex exercise, you need to press your outstretched tongue against the hard palate and open your mouth wide. The lateral edges fit tightly to the upper teeth. At the same time, in the mirror you can see that the entire intricate structure resembles a fungus.
4. Accordion If you have successfully completed the previous task, this will seem like a mere trifle to you. Starting position Fungus. The child opens and closes his mouth, imitating playing the harmonica.
5. Focus The mouth is slightly open in a smile. Place a wide, spread tongue on the upper lip, the side edges fit tightly to the upper molars. There should be a groove in the middle. It is necessary to blow off the cotton wool located on the nose. Make sure that the lower jaw does not move.
6. Hammering nails The mouth is slightly open in a smile. Invite your baby to tap the base of his front teeth with the tip of his tongue. Did you hammer in 10 nails? That's enough for a start.
7. Automatic The exercise involves repeatedly pronouncing the sound D. In this case, the tongue should rest against the alveoli located behind the upper incisors.
Exercises to develop exhalation force
1. Champion You need to use an air jet to drive a cotton ball into an improvised football goal. Important: lips are drawn out, cheeks are not puffed out.
2. Blow out the candle, dry the laundry Ask your child to blow out the candle and blow on the wet laundry. We are sure that your imagination will tell you a couple more similar exercises.
How to teach children to say the letter R correctly?
- By imitation.
If your child, carefully following your instructions in combination with the demonstration, begins to actively growl, feel free to count yourself among the lucky ones. Demonstrate the position of the tongue, pay attention to its vibration, bring the child’s hand to your mouth so that he evaluates the strength of the air stream. Successful?
- When performing the Automatic exercise, the baby must actively exhale and at the same time try to cause vibration d-d-d-r-r.
- Try to teach your child to pronounce R correctly while lying down.
Why in a horizontal position? This is how the tongue naturally rises to the roof of the mouth. Next, you will need a regular pacifier, which you need to put on your finger. The baby drawls out the letter D, and at this time you move your finger under your tongue. This creates vibration. Don't be discouraged if you don't hear the long-awaited growl the first time. We need to adapt. Pay attention to the correct position of the tongue and the force of the air stream.
- The mouth is wide open, the tongue is in the required position. The adult presses the lateral edges of the tongue with his thumbs, and at this time the child exhales powerfully.
