Methodological development Rotacism and its correction. methodological development in speech therapy (senior, preparatory group) on the topic

Rhoticism is considered to be a speech defect when the pronunciation of [r] is difficult or not possible at all.

The sound can be produced in different ways, just not correctly. This is hissing, whistling, etc.

Today we will talk about this speech defect. There is another very similar defect - pararotacism, which occurs when the pronunciation of [рь] is impaired.

Pararotacism is sometimes distinguished as a type of rhotacism, since the distortion concerns the same sound [p], only in its soft form.

For example, instead of “crow” you can hear various variations of the word “voyona”, “volona” or “vogona”, but not the right one.

But we will learn more about pararotacism in one of the following articles.

Rotacism in speech therapy

In speech therapy, rhotacism is usually called distortion or absence of the sound [p] in speech.

Previously, this phenomenon was called burring.

With this deficiency, a person (usually a child) tries to growl, but vibration does not occur.

Instead of “fish” one hears “yba”, “handle” - “uchka”, etc.

If you ask what exactly is the difference between rhotacism and pararotacism, then it will be enough to remember that with rhotacism the sound is distorted or absent, and with pararotacism [r] is replaced with a sound that is easier for a particular child. Most often it is L.

Rotacism occurs in children, both without diagnoses of speech development, and with dyslalia, rhinolalia or dysarthria.

In general, the sound [r] is considered the most difficult to articulate. It requires a lot of tension on the muscles and the tip of the tongue.

More than 26% of preschoolers suffer from such a speech defect. And children with erased dysarthria have 50% of rhoticism in addition to other symptoms of the disorder.

Phonetic characteristics of sound [P]

[R] is a consonant sound. Since both noise and voice are involved in its pronunciation, it is sonorant.

Formed in the front of the tongue, trembling.

Since the air comes out through the mouth, this is the sound of the mouth.

Correct articulation of a single P will only occur if:

• open your lips;
• teeth in an open position;
• the tongue rises like a cup and overlaps the alveoli (this place is located immediately behind the upper teeth);
• the air is exhaled with a slight pressure directly onto the tip of the tongue and vibration is obtained.

During the process of phonation, the soft palate is raised and the passage to the nasal cavity is closed.

The folds close, begin to vibrate slightly, and a ringing R is obtained.

When pronouncing soft P, the tip of the tongue approaches the incisor teeth, and the back of the tongue begins to rest against the palate.

In this case, R is pronounced briefly and with one beat.

Disadvantages of pronunciation of the sounds r and r' (distortions - rhotacism, substitutions - pararotacism)

The structure of the organs of articulation. The lips are open and take the position of the next vowel sound, the distance between the teeth is 4-5 mm. The tip of the tongue rises to the base of the upper teeth. It is tense and vibrates in the passing air stream. The anterior-middle part of the back of the tongue bends. The back of the tongue is pushed back and rises slightly towards the soft palate. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars, the vocal-exhalatory stream passes through the middle. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose, and the vocal folds vibrate to produce the voice.

The soft sound r differs from the hard sound in that when it is articulated, the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate (approximately as with the vowel i), the tip of the tongue is slightly lower than with r, the back of the back of the tongue, together with the root, is moved forward (Fig. . 1).

Violation of hard p can be velar or uvelar. With velar articulation, a gap is formed at the point where the root of the tongue approaches the soft palate; exhaled air, passing through this gap, causes random multi-impact vibration of the soft palate. As a result, noise arises that mixes with the tone of the voice. With uvular p, only the small tongue vibrates; the vibration is harmonic in nature and is not accompanied by noise.

Lateral articulation of p (lateral rotacism) is complex and difficult to correct. One of the lateral edges of the tongue vibrates, the closure between the tongue and the molars breaks, and a voice-exhalatory stream emerges through it, as with the sound l, as a result a sound is pronounced in which r and l seem to merge.

When pronouncing p buccally, a gap for the exhaled stream of air is formed between the lateral edge of the tongue and the upper molars, as a result of which the cheek vibrates (vibrates). At the same time, noise is superimposed on the tone of voice. Rarely, the disorder is bilateral.

Somewhat less common is the single-beat p, in which there is no vibration, but the place of articulation is the same as with a normally pronounced sound; it is sometimes called protori.

Even less common is the coachman's r, when the lips are close together and vibrate.

Among pararotacisms, there are replacements of the sound r with paired soft r', as well as l', y (iot), g, d, etc.

The soft p' can be broken in the same way as the hard one, but at the same time there are often cases when only the hard sound is broken, and the soft one turns out to be unbroken.

Sound production techniques

By imitation. This technique only occasionally leads to positive results, so others have to be used more often.

The most common technique is to make the sound r from d, repeated during one exhalation: ddd, ddd, followed by a more forced pronunciation of the latter. Alternating pronunciation of the sounds m and d in combination td, td or tdd, tdd at a fast pace, rhythmically is also used. They are articulated when the mouth is slightly open and when the tongue is closed not with the incisors, but with the gums of the upper incisors or alveoli. When repeatedly pronouncing a series of sounds d and m, the child is asked to blow strongly on the tip of the tongue, and at this moment a vibration occurs.

However, this technique does not always lead to success. With posterior lingual articulation of p or its velar (uvelar) articulation, bifocal vibration may appear: posterior and new, anterior. The simultaneous combination of two types of vibration creates a rough noise, and the child refuses to accept such a sound. In addition, when front vibration is achieved, the sound often turns out to be excessively long (rolling) and noisy.

Setting p in two stages. At the first stage, the fricative p is placed without vibration from the sound z when pronounced protractedly without rounding the lips and with the front edge of the tongue moving slightly forward, to the gums of the upper teeth or alveoli. In this case, the sound is pronounced with a significant air pressure (as when pronouncing a dull sound) and a minimal gap between the front edge of the tongue and the gums.

The resulting fricative sound is fixed in syllables. You can, without fixing the sound in the syllables, proceed to the second stage of production: with mechanical assistance, using a ball probe. It is inserted under the tongue and, touching the lower surface of the front part of the tongue, rapid movements of the probe to the right and left cause vibrations of the tongue, its front edges alternately close and open with the alveoli. These movements can be carried out with a regular flat spatula (wooden or plastic) or probe No. 1 (Fig. 8). A child can do home workouts using the handle of a teaspoon or a clean index finger. During training, the exhaled stream should be strong.

The described technique is used in cases where the child’s hissing sounds are not impaired.

This technique leads to positive results. However, its disadvantages are that the sound turns out to be booming, is pronounced in isolation, and the child has difficulty mastering the transition from it to combinations of sound with vowels.

The most effective technique is to place p from the syllabic combination z with a slightly lengthened pronunciation of the first sound of the syllable: zzza. During repeated repetition of syllables, the child, following the instructions of the speech therapist, moves the front part of the tongue up and forward to the alveoli until the acoustic effect of the fricative r is obtained in combination with the vowel a. After this, a probe is inserted, and it is used to make quick movements from left to right and right to left. At the moment of vibration, a fairly clear sound p is heard, of normal length, without excessive reverberation. With this method of sound production, no special introduction of the sound in combination with a vowel is required, since a syllable is immediately formed. In subsequent work, it is important to conduct training in evoking the syllables ra, ru, ry.

When setting a soft p', the same technique is used, but with the help of the syllable zi, and in the future ze, zya, ze, zyu.

Usually, in case of violations of the hard and soft sound p, the hard sound is placed first and then the soft sound, but this order is not rigid, it can be changed arbitrarily; It is only not recommended to place them simultaneously to avoid displacement.

Types and forms of rotacism

In domestic speech therapy you can find studies by various authors in terms of the classification of rhotacism.

Some offer as many as 30 types of pronunciation defects [P]. Others settle on several forms.

We will focus on eight varieties as the most common.

Uvular rotacism

In the larynx of each of us there is a small tongue-like process called the uvular process.

When the sound [R] is pronounced using this process, the sound is very close to normal R.

This is exactly how the Germans pronounce R. It also somewhat resembles the French R. I think it’s very beautiful. Although in scientific speech therapy circles it is considered a violation.

But this is in domestic speech therapy, since such a pronunciation does not suit Russian R.

Velar rhotacism

With velar rotacism, although the soft palate vibrates, instead of P, only a rough rumble is obtained.

Like uvular, velar rhotacism is usually called gular rhotacism. Among the people, it’s just burr.

Lateral rotacism

If the vibration occurs along the edges of the tongue, then the result is RL. It is easy to hear and identify the form of burr.

Buccal rotacism

When pronouncing P, the air stream can pass between the edges of the tongue and the cheeks. The result is a slight vibration of either one or both cheeks.

In this case, a little noise is added to the voice.

Single-beat rotacism

In this case, the tongue is in the correct position, but vibration does not occur.

Instead of P you get English D.

Bilabial rhoticism

With this method of sound pronunciation, there is vibration of the lips, although the tongue does not move.

Instead of P, PRR is heard.

Nasal rotacism

The air stream can pass through the nose. Then NG is heard, since the tongue is motionless.

Glottal rhoticism

The laryngeal form of sound pronunciation resembles the velar one. However, the sound is somewhat muffled. It looks more like a slotted G.

For clarity, we show the forms of rotacism with their signs and causes of occurrence in the table.

Varieties of pronunciation

In modern speech therapy, the following types of rhotacism are defined, there are 12 of them:

1. Complete absence of the desired sound. The child simply does not use [r] in words, for example, crab - cab, coachman - kuche.
2. Uvular rotacism. With this form, a person experiences distortion in pronunciation due to vibration of only the soft tongue. A similar defect is called the “French r” or throat form. A kind of rumble is heard.
3. Velar rotacism. With this type of defect [p], the root of the tongue is close to the palate and when a stream of air passes, the palate begins to vibrate, forming an incorrect sound with various sound defects. Previously, such a sound was called burr.
4. Side. With this type of pronunciation, vibration is produced by the side of the tongue. In most cases, such a defect is observed due to anatomical problems in the oral cavity. With lateral rhotacism, a person combines r and l and eventually pronounces [rl].
5. Interdental. The child pronounces [r], placing his tongue in the interdental space.
6. Nasal. In humans, vibration is generated by the back of the palate and pharynx. It may appear with an anatomical disorder in the form of shortening of the soft palate.
7. Buccal. Pronunciation [r] is made using the sides of the tongue and cheeks.
8. Bilabial rotacism. Otherwise called labial, it occurs due to vibration of the lips when releasing a stream of air. The sound resembles [prr], this is the way riders stop their horses, so this form is also called coachman
9. Protochny or single-strike. In humans, correct articulation is used, except that vibration is generated once or is absent altogether. The sound resembles [d], and it is also impossible to create a continuous growl [rrrr].
10. Guttural. With this defect, vibration occurs due to closed vocal folds.
11. Nasal or nasal. A stream of air passes through the nose and a kind of wheezing occurs.
12. Pharyngeal or pharyngeal. Hoarse pronunciation of [r] occurs due to the passage of a stream of air through the root of the tongue and the back wall of the pharynx.

Among the above defects, the most common are single-impact, slot, coachman, nasal, lateral and throat. Other types of rotacism are much less common and are more likely due to genetic inheritance and anatomical problems.

Pararotacism is divided into 7 types, the difference between them is the replacement of [r] with sounds similar to it [d], [s], [th], [g], [v], [l], [l]. Replacing 'r' with 'l' or 'l' is called the term lambdacism (replacing any consonant sound with [l] or [l]).

As a rule, in people both the hard and soft forms of p are impaired simultaneously. In some cases, there is a problem only with the pronunciation of hard [р] or soft [рь].

Among the most common causes of speech defects are various anatomical problems such as a short sublingual ligament, high palate, and large tongue. In addition, children may experience insufficient plasticity of the tongue. Such a defect is gradually corrected by a speech therapist with the help of special developmental exercises.

Types of rotacism Table

Rotacism and methods for its elimination

Mikhail Bayutin

Rotacism and methods for its elimination

I bring to your attention the message “Rotacism and methods for eliminating it.”

Plan

1. Determining the shortcomings of pronunciation of the sound “r”

2. Types of rhotacism and pararotacism.

3. Description of the correct articulation of the sound “r”.

4. Methods for eliminating rotacism.

5. Differentiation of sounds “r” “r'”

Among speech defects in which the pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations suffers, the most common are defects in the sound “r”. Disadvantages of pronunciation of the sound “r” “r'” are called rhotacism. Replacing sounds with other consonant sounds of the Russian alphabet - pararotacism. Here are the most common types of these shortcomings.

Rotacism.

1. The sound “r” is not pronounced at all (crayfish - “ak”, cow - “koova”).

2. The sound “r” is pronounced burrously - this is a velar “r”, in which the root part of the tongue approaches the lower edge of the soft palate and forms a gap with it. Passing through the gap, the exhaled air causes random vibration of the soft palate, resulting in noise that gives the phoneme “r” a specific sound. Another form of burr (uvular "r") occurs due to the vibration of a small tongue in the recess of the root of the tongue.

3. The sound “r” is pronounced not with the tip of the tongue, but with the lateral edge (lateral rhoticism). Instead of “r”, a sound is heard consisting of a quick combination of the sounds “r” and “l” (“rl”) (barn - “salay”).

4. The sound “r” is pronounced like a coachman’s “prr” (tightly closed lips vibrate).

5. The sound “r” is pronounced nasally as “ng”, the root of the tongue forms a bow with the soft palate and exhalation occurs through the nose.

6. The sound “r” is pronounced with one beat, i.e., instead of periodically oscillating the tip of the tongue, only a single blow is made with the tip on the alveoli. The sound “r” is obtained, similar to the sound “d” (“sadai”).

Pararotacism.

1. The sound “r” is replaced by the sound “v”, which is pronounced with both lips without vibration (hand - “vuka”, steam locomotive - “pavovoz”).

2. The sound “r” is replaced with the sound “y” (rama - “yama”, crow - “voyona”).

3. The sound “r” is replaced with the sound “l” (fish - “lyba”, cheese - “syl”).

4. The sound “r” is replaced with the sound “d” (rama is “dama”, grass is “tadava”).

5. The sound “r” is replaced with the sound “g” (hand - “gook”, locomotive - “pagovoz”)

6. The sound “r” is replaced with the sound “y” or “l” (hand - “yuka” or “luka”).

Description of the correct articulation of the sound “r”.

The sound “r” (sonorant, vibrant) belongs to the group of front-linguals and is pronounced in the following position of the parts of the articulatory apparatus: the lips are in the position characteristic of them when pronouncing a vowel that follows a consonant; the tip of the tongue in the shape of a 'cup' is raised and vibrates at the alveoli (with a hard "r") or at the cleft of the upper incisors (with a softened "r"), the root part of the tongue is lowered, the vocal cords are closed and vibrate; the palatine curtain is raised and blocks the air from exiting through the nose, the tension of the exhaled stream of air is strong.

Methods for eliminating rotacism.

The complexity of the articulatory structure of the sound “r” and the corresponding variety of defects in its pronunciation have given rise to various methods for eliminating various types of rhotacism. The sequence of methods for making the sound “r” includes exercises for raising the tongue, in the shape of a “cup” with the tip of the tongue moving upward and for generating vibration of the tip of the tongue. Preparatory exercises for the tongue are:

1. Teach your child to click his tongue.

2. Suck the tongue to the hard palate.

3. Hold the tongue in the “spatula” and “cup” position

4. Move the tongue from the “spatula” position to the “cup” position and vice versa.

5. Stroke the hard palate with your tongue, tap the upper alveoli with the tip of your tongue.

6. Fold your tongue into a “tube”.

7. Exercises – “chatterbox” and “feeder”

All these exercises help to produce the sound “r”. The sound “r” can be produced by imitation, but most often the sound “r” is produced in a mixed way - by imitation and mechanically.

Invite the child to lift the tip of the tongue behind the upper incisors towards the alveoli and pronounce the sound “z” for a long time. Use a spatula placed under the tip of the tongue to produce frequent vibrations, which produces a rumble characteristic of the pronunciation of the sound “r”. This mechanical method allows the child to feel the vibration of the tongue and subsequently reproduce it independently.

The sound “r”, formed mechanically, is combined with vowels in open and closed syllables, sound combinations, words, and is gradually introduced into the child’s speech. In order for the child to understand how the softened sound “r'” is produced, you should show him that this sound becomes soft as a result of the tip of the tongue approaching the upper incisors instead of the alveoli.

Simultaneously with exercises on producing sounds, it is necessary to carry out exercises to distinguish a given phoneme by ear: teach the child to hear a sound among other sounds, to hear a syllable among other syllables, the presence of a sound in a word; hear and distinguish between correct and incorrect pronunciations. It is necessary to develop in a child to correctly distinguish the sound of this phoneme before he learns to independently pronounce this sound.

Differentiation of the sound "r" and "r'".

When the correct pronunciation of the sounds “r” and “r'” is achieved, it is necessary to work on exercises to differentiate these sounds (- ra, - ro, - ru, -ry); in words with direct (-glad, -rot, -rice, -burn) and reverse syllables (- gift, -bor, - fat, in sentences (A fisherman is catching fish, the whole catch floated into the river) when reading and retelling.

Literature.

1. Filicheva T. B., Chevileva N. A, Chirkina G. V. “Fundamentals of speech therapy” M. Education 1989.

2. Pravdina O. In “Speech Therapy” M. 1969.

3. Rau F. F. “Techniques for correcting deficiencies in the pronunciation of phonemes”, “Fundamentals of the theory and practice of speech therapy” Edited by Levina R. E. M. 1968

4. Sinyak V. A, Rau E. F. “Speech therapy” M. 1970.

Reasons for rotacism

Rhotacism itself is a disorder resulting from such speech disorders as: mechanical dyslalia, dysarthria, open rhinolalia.

Children with FFND and OHP are often susceptible to rotacism.

Factors in the development of rotacism are considered:

1. Anomaly of the tongue. This may be a short frenulum that prevents the tongue from moving up.
2. Anomaly of the dental system. Cleft palates and side bites allow air to leak through the gap. Likewise, the hard palate is a complication for the articulation of R.
3. Weak articulatory muscles. They interfere with the correct pronunciation of the sounds R and Rb. There is practically no vibration of the tongue, so the stream of exhaled air is too weak.
4. Problems with phonemic hearing. The child simply does not match the correct sound with the one he himself pronounces. but this is rare. Most often, the sound is simply replaced with one that is easier for the child to pronounce.
5. Dysarthria. Here uvular and velar rhotacism takes place. Frequent cases are lateral distortion, which leads to pareticity of the cheeks and tongue.
6. Bilingualism and imitation. If the family also speaks another language (uvular - if in French, or guttural - if German is heard in the family), then the child simply imitates the pronunciation without even noticing.

“System of corrective speech therapy work to correct rotacism”

Types of rotacism

1. Throat rhotacism.

With velar articulation, the place of formation is disturbed. The tip of the tongue does not take part in articulation, it is lowered down. The back and root of the tongue are tense and pushed back and form a bow and soft palate. The air stream breaking the bow leads to vibration of the soft palate. The sound is rough, guttural, a lot of noise, little voice. The bow is formed with a small tongue that vibrates in the passing air stream. The sound is pleasantly rumbling and has little noise. The reason is a short hypoglossal ligament.

2. Lateral rotacism

. The tip of the tongue deviates to the left or right and the air stream is directed to the side. One of the lateral edges of the tongue vibrates, the closure between the tongue and the molars breaks, and the voice-exhalatory stream emerges through it. The reason is a cut in half the muscles of the tongue

3. Nasal rotacism.

Absence of connection between the soft palate and the posterior wall of the pharynx. The tip of the tongue does not participate, it is pulled back. The air stream is directed to the nose, there is no vibration.

4. bilabial

(coachman) - lips vibrate, tongue does not move.

5. One-hit

— the tip is at the top but there is no vibration, it bows once and breaks.

6. Protorny

(slit) - the tongue is at the top, but forms a slit rather than a bow. Rotacism = distorted Z or F.

Correction

1. Preparatory stage: exercises for the upper rise, for stretching the hyoid ligament, for generating strength and directing the air stream.

2. Staging techniques:

-from the sounds T and D. We invite the child to open his mouth and tap with a hammer (tongue in the alveoli), then add vibration (finger, spatula). The sound is consolidated with mechanical help: in reverse syllables (neg, atr), then words (meter, liter), then we move on to PR, BR or MR and only then to straight syllables, easier with the sound Y (meters, liters). Then we remove the reference sound T or D, first put it with the other consonants BR, MR, and then without them.

-use of sounds Z, Zh. We place the tongue on the tubercles, buzz with a bee and again add mechanical assistance (you need to make sure that the child pronounces the sound Z, and not A, O, Y, E, E). Consolidation first in reverse syllables OZ, AZ, then in words (locomotive), then in forward syllables. -from articulation (mouth open - spatula - cup - cup in the mouth and outside - blow a strong wind on the steam)

-by imitation (we blow on the hand, with the reference sounds T or D, the machine gun scribbles)

- production of vibration without mechanical assistance (blow through the lips and tongue, quickly pronounce the sound R) in the interlocal position (between the vowels - ara), Quickly pronounce TRASH, stick a narrow strip of paper to the tongue and blow, exercise talker or an angry turkey (tongue on the lips, teeth, tubercles)

Methods for eliminating rotacism

The complexity of the articulatory structure of the sound “r” and the corresponding variety of defects in its pronunciation have given rise to various methods for eliminating various types of rhotacism. The sequence of methods for making the sound “r” includes exercises for raising the tongue, in the shape of a “cup” with the tip of the tongue moving upward and for generating vibration of the tip of the tongue. Preparatory exercises for the tongue are:

1. Teach your child to click his tongue.

2. Suck the tongue to the hard palate.

3. Hold the tongue in the “spatula” and “cup” position

4. Move the tongue from the “spatula” position to the “cup” position and vice versa.

5. Stroke the hard palate with your tongue, tap the upper alveoli with the tip of your tongue.

6. Fold your tongue into a “tube”.

7. Exercises – “chatterbox” and “feeder”

All these exercises help to produce the sound “r”. The sound “r” can be produced by imitation, but most often the sound “r” is produced in a mixed way - by imitation and mechanically.

Invite the child to lift the tip of the tongue behind the upper incisors towards the alveoli and pronounce the sound “z” for a long time. Use a spatula placed under the tip of the tongue to produce frequent vibrations, which produces a rumble characteristic of the pronunciation of the sound “r”. This mechanical method allows the child to feel the vibration of the tongue and subsequently reproduce it independently.

The sound “r”, formed mechanically, is combined with vowels in open and closed syllables, sound combinations, words, and is gradually introduced into the child’s speech. In order for the child to understand how the softened sound “r'” is produced, you should show him that this sound becomes soft as a result of the tip of the tongue approaching the upper incisors instead of the alveoli.

Simultaneously with exercises on producing sounds, it is necessary to carry out exercises to distinguish a given phoneme by ear: teach the child to hear a sound among other sounds, to hear a syllable among other syllables, the presence of a sound in a word; hear and distinguish between correct and incorrect pronunciations. It is necessary to develop in a child to correctly distinguish the sound of this phoneme before he learns to independently pronounce this sound.

Contact details:

MADOU "Child Development Center - Kindergarten No. 12 in the city of Shebekino, Belgorod Region"

309290, Belgorod region, Shebekino city, st. Dzerzhinsky, 7.

Tel.: 8(47248)2-84-60

MADO "Child Development Center - Kindergarten No. 12, Shebekino"

Memo for speech therapists at preschool educational institutions

“System of corrective speech therapy work to correct rotacism”

Prepared by: teacher-speech therapist Enina N.V.

2018

Diagnostics

As a rule, a speech therapist can diagnose rhotacism. He talks with the child’s parents to rule out the fact of bilingualism in the family.

After this they carry out:

1. Examination of articulation organs. Examine the structure of the lips, a number of teeth, tongue, soft and hard palate. It is important to examine the oral cavity for the presence of a short frenulum or malocclusion. You should also find out if there is a facial cleft, etc. It is also necessary to determine whether any form of dystonia is progressing.
2. Study of the mobility of the articulatory apparatus. The specialist examines the tongue and lips, gives several test tasks to determine volume, tempo, accuracy, switchability of movements and the ability to hold an articulatory pose.
3. Analysis of phonemic hearing. A specialist tests speech hearing using exercises to differentiate isolated sounds at the level of words and syllables.
4. Sound pronunciation examination. Using special exercises, a speech therapist studies how correctly a child pronounces isolated sounds in different parts of a word. At the same time, a conclusion is made about the type of rotacism. It is very important to prescribe the correct correction program.

Methods for correcting rotacism

There are various speech therapy tools for correcting speech disorders due to rhoticism.

Sometimes it is simply impossible to cope with this illness using such means.

Therefore, you have to resort to medical help. For example, to correct a short frenulum defect, it will need to be trimmed.

If there is an incorrect bite, then you will need to wear braces for some (sometimes long) time.

Also, some medications help achieve the desired effect.

But this appointment should be made, for example, by a neurologist.

The basis of correctional work for rotacism is special classes with a speech therapist.

As a rule, work is carried out in stages: the preparatory stage, production and automation of sounds, transition and strengthening of speech.

Preparatory stage

First, it is necessary to acquaint a person with the correct articulation of the sounds [P] and [P'].

Visual aids help in this case - drawings, diagrams, presentations.

Sound video slides have proven themselves very well, when the student not only hears the sound, but also sees how the tongue is positioned and the lips stretch.

Sound files can be played multiple times.

Previously, a speech therapist did all this - he pronounced it, showed it to himself.

Now technology has come to the rescue. On the computer, everything can be clearly seen and heard.

Repeated playback of the recording makes the specialist’s task easier.

At the preparatory stage, they show what the exhalation should be like when pronouncing the sounds [P] and [P'].

Carrying out articulatory gymnastics contributes to:

• development of lifting the tongue upward;
• activate the tip of the tongue;
• learn to vibrate your tongue;
• stretch the hypoglossal ligament.

Next comes breathing work. Exercises are selected by a speech therapist.

He also provides speech therapy to the masses if the need arises.

Articulation and breathing exercises must be performed not only in the speech therapist’s office, but also at home.

Doing these exercises at home at least twice a day will prepare you for the main lessons on producing and automating the sounds [P] and [P'].

It should be noted that the preparatory stage is very important.

And until the skills to maintain an articulatory posture and control exhalation are formed, you should not move on to the next stage.

The student must have a strong directed air stream.

Preparatory phase exercises

Preparing the speech organs for the articulation of R-R, which is sonorous, will help master vibration.

The following exercises will prepare the speech apparatus, help stretch the hyoid ligament and help develop the elasticity of the tongue.

Exercise "Horse"

The tongue is pressed against the upper palate followed by a clicking sound.

The volume and tempo of the clicks can be changed.

Exercise "Coachman"

Thanks to this exercise, the labial muscles develop.

During the execution, you need to close your mouth, make your lips vibrate and at this time pronounce in a drawn-out manner “whoa-oo-oo-oo-oo-oo”, and then “tr-r-r-r-r”.

Exercise "Painter"

This exercise is necessary in order to stretch the frenulum under the tongue.

To do this, the tongue is pulled up, then with the tip we begin to stroke the upper palate.

Exercise “Toothbrush”

When smiling, you need to stick out the tip of your tongue and brush your teeth. The tongue should move along the outer surface of the teeth, and then along the inner.

The movements are slow, the jaws are in a fixed position.

Exercise "Swing"

The tongue in a spread-out state should be raised, placed behind the upper row of teeth, and then lowered behind the lower teeth.

The mouth opens only a few centimeters.

Exercise "Drummer"

This exercise will help train the tip of your tongue.

The mouth does not open wide, the tongue is placed behind the lower teeth, while it is necessary to knock and pronounce “d-d-d-d.”

The pace increases slowly and gradually.

This set of exercises is carried out not only during the preparatory stage.

They are also used to warm up the muscles at the beginning of each speech therapy session, when correction of rotacism is planned.

In terms of time, these workouts initially last for 15-20 minutes, and subsequently the duration increases to 30 minutes.

Staging stage

Different forms of rotacism require different approaches to corrective measures.

But as practice shows, differentiated methods of sound production work most effectively.

It is possible to achieve a pronunciation that would correspond to the norm of the Russian language:

• in an imitative way - for example, imitate the growl of a dog or lion, the caw of a crow or the sounds of a car engine;
• proceed from the reference sounds D and Zh;
• multiple “td”, “j”;
• articulation exercises;
• mechanical assistance for correcting vibration of the tip of the tongue using a positioning probe or its substitute.

In rare cases, sound production is carried out in two stages (for example, with buccal rotacism).

At the initial stage, they work on the proto sound, and then vibration is worked on.

The development of soft R follows the delivery of hard R, followed by access to iotized or I.

There is a universal method that is used by speech therapists to eliminate rotacism.

Includes several steps:

1. Setting up the fricative R from Zh. The child is taught to pronounce the sound without stretching the lips, the tongue rises to the alveoli. In this position, growling is required. The sound is dull, the air stream is strong. With this sound, sound is introduced into open syllables.
2. The production of full vibration begins using a ball probe. The umbrella is passed along the bottom of the tongue back and forth while pronouncing the fricative phoneme. Movements must be fast. The air stream is strong and pressure. At home, you can use a teaspoon instead of a probe. This method is most effective when working with sonorants.

Another method is called mixed. It is used only in rare cases when the ball probe did not help produce the correct sound.

With a mixed method:

1. The performance begins with the syllable ZA - the child pronounces the syllable many times, while the tongue smoothly moves upward to the alveoli. The result should be a fricative R.
2. When P is combined with A, massage begins with an elongated probe and the tip of the tongue is raised to the palate. The probe moves from left to right and gradually P becomes clear and not drawn out.
3. It is possible to build on other vowels. For example, from iotized ones: U, O, E, Y.
4. To get Py, they push off from ZI. The diagram is the same as in the exercise just above.

Automation

Automation of the correct pronunciation of the sound Р-Рь is carried out in a playful way, starting from very simple, easy exercises with gradual complication.

Speech material is selected in the following sequence:

• syllables, rows of syllables (forward, reverse);
• words with a given sound found in different parts of the word;
• phrases;
• offers;
• pure talk.

Next, poems and stories with a large number of P/Pb are taken.

The duration of correctional classes for rotacism ranges from one and a half to three months.

In rare cases it may be more. Individual characteristics, causes of the defect, regularity of exercises, as well as the skill of the speech therapist - all this affects the duration of sound pronunciation correction.

The most difficult thing is to come to the correct pronunciation of P/Pb with dysarthria. With this diagnosis, speech therapy assistance may be required for months or even years.

Corrective work with children is usually carried out in a playful way. Small and interesting poems and visual material are used.

First, the speech therapist achieves good vibration, the hard version of P, and only then moves on to automating the soft one.

In syllables

You can't come up with any creativity when working with syllables. This is normal repetition. Multiple.

But it is possible to diversify tasks.

First, these will be syllables beginning with the sound R. Then a group of syllables with the position P in the middle of the syllable. And the final stage is P at the end of the syllable.

Simple repetition quickly becomes boring.

Therefore, you can come up with little rhymes.

Ra-ra-ra - it's hot outside. Ro-ro-ro – there’s a bucket in the middle of the yard. Ru-ru-ru - I carry the bucket across the yard.

Tra-tra-tra - I go out into the yard in the morning. Three-three-three - how beautiful, look.

Ar-ar-ar - take a lantern with you.

Dre-dre-dre - crucian carp live in a bucket.

In words

1. At first, it is better to take monosyllabic words, similar to three-letter syllables: world, gift, ball, shooting range, kar, boron, thief...
2. Next, we use words consisting of two syllables, one of which contains R: mosquito, painter, fire...
3. Next, we move on to reading words with P in the middle of the word: bucket, square, bloomers, peas, pie, cheers, mountain...

In phrases

The phrases should be funny so that the child is interested in working with them.

You can also make rhymes out of them.

Mischievous sparrow, don’t hit the mosquito.

It's time to bake a pie, don't forget about the cottage cheese.

We reinforce correct articulation in a playful way:

1. The picture shows animals, among them... - a huge Lynx (the child finishes).
2. A large, very large... - ruddy turnip grew in the garden bed.
3. Put aside pictures with objects whose names contain the sound R and come up with phrases so that each word has an R (red pen, a beautiful primer, a huge lantern...).

Speech therapist exercises

The most effective correction of speech deficiencies is carried out at an early age . By the age of five, the baby learns almost all sounds, the most difficult for him are [r] and [ry], if they turn out incorrect or are not pronounced at all, then you need to take the child to a speech therapist.

In some cases, people live freely with speech impediments and seek advice from a speech therapist only when absolutely necessary, such as for employment or extreme slurring of speech. Adults prefer to perform exercises for staging on their own, without the help of a speech therapist.

For a specialist, rhotacism and its initial correction lies in the formation of correct articulation. For this purpose special exercises are used. They can be divided into two types. The first of them is to create the correct position of the tongue and develop its flexibility. At this stage, they are trying to get the fricative p from the person, that is, the articulation is correct, but with no vibration.

The second type of exercise helps the client to create vibration correctly. This stage begins after the correct articulation has been created. If a person pronounces the sounds [zh] and [w] without problems, then it is much easier to formulate the correct position of the tongue, because [zh] and [w] are similar in articulation to [r].

Exercise 1

This exercise allows the client to create the correct vibration. To do this, the child's head is placed face up on the speech therapist's lap. Next, they ask the client to press his tongue firmly against the palate, creating a “mushroom” position. The bridle should tighten. When you exhale forcefully, a vibration should be created.

If vibrations do not occur, then the speech therapist uses a clean index finger and thumb to form correct articulation. To do this, the sides of the tongue are pressed against the teeth, creating a spoon shape.

Now, when exhaling, the child will have the necessary vibration and [p]. An exercise like this allows the student to understand how the tongue should move when pronouncing a sound.

Exercise 2

To create the desired growl, the child is asked to make a “wide tongue” and press it behind the upper teeth. After this, the student should pronounce a sound similar to [zzh], something between

and [g].

If this method does not help, then you need to try to create [d], but at the same time the tongue takes a position on the alveoli. Because of this, the spoken sound will not be clear.

Exercise 3

This exercise will require a wooden spatula or some clean cotton swab. The child is asked to make a wide tongue and tense it very much. After this, a finger or a wooden stick wrapped in a handkerchief is placed under it.

It is necessary to create oscillatory movements of the tip of the tongue; for this, the finger or stick begins to quickly move to the sides. Thanks to this preparatory exercise, the necessary muscles of the tongue are trained. Gradually, the child will be able to create vibration independently by simply placing his finger.

A prerequisite is the tension of the tongue, otherwise, instead of the correct vibration, a peculiar mixture of sounds [d] and [l] will be formed. To stimulate the client, you can compare the tongue to a string; when it is tense, a good sound and melody is produced. If she is relaxed, then no melody will come out. For boys, you can say that they are starting the engine. Children perceive information better in comparison.

It is necessary to create oscillatory movements of the tip of the tongue; for this, the finger or stick begins to quickly move to the sides

After the first significant results appear, you need to gradually increase the duration of the vibration created. Over time, it will be enough for the child to place a finger under the tongue and after this the vibrations will appear on their own.

If the baby cannot create vibration on his own for a long time, then they begin to practice [p] in words. Mechanical assistance is used for rolling.

Exercise 4

To create the correct vibrations, you need to ask the child to open his mouth and put his tongue against the roof of his mouth. Next, the client needs to place a cotton swab crosswise under the tongue and ask him to exhale, directing a stream of air through the tip of the tongue. The result will be a brief oscillation and a growling sound.

Thanks to this method, the client develops a feeling of vibration so that he can create it independently in the future.

Exercise 5

If classical production methods do not help, then you can use a simple sequence of syllables using [t] and [d]. It must be spoken quickly, rhythmically and accurately.

Adydoadydo… Tydydytydydy…. Dydodydodydo... andydytydyty...

You can use any syllables with vowels [a], [s], [o] and consonants [t], [d]. This allows you to stretch the tongue muscle before exercise.

Exercise 6

If the student already knows how to pronounce [zh], then you can perform the correct production in the following way. The child creates a drawn-out [zh], then gradually moves his tongue into the depths of his mouth. After reaching the desired position, a single-strike [p] occurs.

In order to create a drawn-out growl in the future, you need to practice the sound in the syllables tr, np, dr and words with given syllables (tractor, friend, like). This method is also well used if the child categorically refuses to use various auxiliary devices such as chopsticks, spoons, etc.

Exercise 7 “fungus”

The simplest and most effective method. The child needs to press his tongue firmly against the palate behind his teeth, forming a “mushroom” position. Then, with the help of a strong exhalation, air passes through the tip of the tongue, causing it to vibrate, resulting in a growl.

This method is basic and easiest for a child. Using this method, the student can understand what kind of movement they are trying to achieve from him. It effectively allows you to correct many types of rotacism with timely repetition and correct execution technique.

Game exercise 8

This method allows you to interest the child. It is necessary for the ward to pronounce the connective [td], ask the baby to extend his hand, palm up. Next, read the poem “rain” and when drops fall on anything, ask the child to tap the extended handle with his fingers and say [td]

The rain dripped on the palm - so on, so on...

And then onto the path - so on, so on...

Knocked on the roof...

And I got to the house...

You can come up with a poem yourself. But the main thing is that the baby clearly pronounces sounds when droplets fall on something.

Exercise 9 “horse”

You need to form the “mushroom” position and then pronounce [dddddd] at a fast pace. The exercise lasts 10-30 seconds, it strengthens the muscles of the tongue and, at a fast pace, allows you to create a growl.

Rotacism and pararotacism are quite common speech defects . To correct it, you need to perform certain exercises daily aimed at creating the correct position of the tongue and its vibration. You can completely get rid of this pathology, as long as the exercises are carried out regularly and with the correct technique. The sooner you contact a speech therapist and begin correction, the greater the chance of getting rid of this pathology.